I have the greatest privilege of being associated with Native cultures of many continents.. thus satisfying my curiosity and desire to travel and the chance to help them with my medical expertise. these notes are from those travels. I am a professor at the University of Havana
jeudi 31 janvier 2008
The False TAINOS of Baracoa and CUBA
Written in conjunction with and presented at International meeting of SOLAR in Rio de Janeiro
Dr Sudah Yehuda Kovesh S and Dr Ivette Garcia (currently a Cuban diplomat assigned to Lisbon, formerly Dean of Research at the International Institute in Havana)
"FALSA NACIÓN TAÍNA. CONSTRUCUCIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD BARACOENSE. CUBA ES DE NOSOTROS".
Preámbulo El tema indígena ha sido generalmente subestimado en la historiografía cubana, a tono con la repetida tesis de rápida extinción y escaso significado en la identidad, la nacionalidad y la nación cubanas. Sin embargo, en Cuba existen regiones históricas cuya resultante cultural no puede comprenderse si no se atiende a este componente.(1) Tales creencias, así como la permanente imagen de un pueblo formado esencialmente por blancos españoles y negros africanos, también deja un campo abierto a toda suerte de especulaciones. Dentro de esa última consecuencia referida y en cierta medida se encuentra la repercusión del Proyecto “Nación Taína de las Antillas y la diáspora”, extensivo como su nombre lo indica, a las Antillas y en particular a Cuba. Ello contribuye aún más a tergiversar el asunto de referencia, por lo menos en Cuba desde los años 90 pasados. El referido proyecto realza, más allá de lo estrictamente científico y objetivo, el eslabón indígena con una visión de lo nacional que trasciende a la región y a Cuba. Así, se desconoce el proceso de transculturación real que ofrece como corolario, una resultante étnica propiamente baracoesa y cubana. “Nación Taína se inspira, según sus impulsores, en la valentía y el espíritu de Anacaona, Caonabó, Weíbana, Hatuey, Wamá y Enrique Warocuia. Se inicia a mediados de los años 90 con sede en N. York y enlaces en Cuba a través de Baracoa y Guantánamo fundamentalmente. Realiza encuentros todos los años. Es un movimiento con representatividad en el sistema de Naciones Unidad y se ha pronunciado a favor de la salida de Estados Unidos de Vieques, de movimientos indigenistas como el de los INNU en Canadá, de los de Argentina, de los zapatistas de México y otros. En el Caribe insular, y en Cuba en particular, existen posiciones diversas en cuanto al movimiento de referencia. Una es la de negación o rechazo por aquellos que lo perciben como factor secesionista y engañoso que trata de dividir a la nación cubana al exaltar lo indígena como minoría nacional -para el caso de la mayor de las Antillas-. Otra es la postura que sin desconocer lo que de positivo para otras naciones tiene tal proyecto, lo asume más como un desafío e impulso para adentarse en los estudios sobre tal componente de la nacionalidad cubana. Finalmente, una tercera posición es la sumamente favorables y comprometidas con ese movimiento, que además se vuelve atractivo para algunos, sobre todo en regiones apartadas como la que ocupa el presente trabajo.
Asumiendo la segunda postura, los autores del presente ensayo examinan la identidad y la etnicidad y sus especificidades en cuanto a la construcción de ambas pertenencias desde lo indígena en el caso cubano. Analizan, desde una visión histórica y antropológica, la formación identitaria de la región histórica del extremo Oriente de la mayor de las Antillas, la que tiene el mayor componente indígena de la isla. Para ello se toman en cuenta los indicadores fundamentales para el análisis regional hasta su resultante cultural actual. Los Taínos del extremo Oriente de Cuba y su legadoAntes de la conquista existían en distintos puntos del archipiélago cubano comunidades humanas de diversos troncos étnicos, el más desarrollado de los cuales era el arahuaco, los Taínos. Aún y cuando algunos elementos han sugerido una relativa homogeneidad en la isla, la falta de unidad política de los cacicazgos y las diferencias regionales de estilo cerámico y de contexto arqueológico, deciden en que no se trate de una unidad étnica. La región de mayor nivel técnico productivo y demográfico de la isla es la de Baracoa.(2) Se ha considerado incluso por los arqueólogos como región prehispánica, incluyendo a las zonas de Maisí, Baracoa, Sagua y muy probablemente Moa.(3) En la memoria histórica de los pobladores de todas esas zonas, se identifica a Imías, Moa, Maisí, San Antonio del Sur y Sagua, como un todo junto a Baracoa “en tiempos muy lejanos”. El centro más compacto de todo ese espacio es el que observara Colón entre el río Duaba y el puerto de Baracoa en la costa norte.Se trata de un área ocupada por las culturas Preagroalfarera, Protoagrícola y Agroalfarera. La coexistencia de más de un grupo se ha reconocido desde el siglo XVI, aún y cuando la región se identifica generalmente como Taína, dado que es su componente básico al iniciarse la conquista. A pesar de constituir culturas diferentes existe, sin embargo, una unidad regional relativa, si se consideran las evidencias mencionadas más arriba, la representación numéricamente mínima de los dos primeros grupos y la certitud de que todos esos sitios se comunican y tienen relaciones entre sí. El espacio que se estudia es uno de las que reciben oleadas migratorias del interior y exterior de la isla hasta muy poco antes de la conquista. Asumiendo la cronología más antigua –el 8000 a .n.e.-, tal proceso se produce generalmente desde las Antillas Menores, desde las costas centroamericanas y suramericanas (Venezuela, Nicaragua y Honduras), e incluso desde Florida y Mississippi y desde el siglo VI d.n.e., especialmente de Quisqueya. El completamiento de esos conjuntos se produce durante las primeras décadas del siglo XV d.n.e, con grupos que vienen de las mismas áreas y de igual tronco étnico Taíno. Estas últimas oleadas constituyen una unidad etnolingüística de origen arauaco, los que no deben tener un difícil proceso de inserción, dado que incluso la lengua preagroalfarera debió tener similitudes con la arauaca.En los escritos del fray Bartolomé de Las Casas se deja constancia de que esos aborígenes “(...) Estaban como dixe abundantísimos de comida y de todas las cosas necesarias á la vida. Tenían sus labranzas y muchas y muy ordenadas de lo qual todo tener de sobra (…).”(4) Su forma habitacional se distribuye en Sitios de habitación , Paraderos y Lugares Ceremoniales, lo cual corresponde igualmente a la definición de sitios de “tierra adentro” y “costeros”. En Baracoa se confirman asentamientos de esa cultura en todo el espacio, exceptuando Moa y los lugares más intrincados de la topografía, donde, salvo en las zonas colindantes del actual municipio Moa con Baracoa, no se han encontrado restos hasta el momento. La presencia de los Preagroalfareros y de los Protoagrícolas es realmente ínfima. Hasta el momento se pueden constatar un total de 262 sitios arqueológicos, la mayoría de los cuales (102) están en el actual municipio de Baracoa.(5) Se trata de una ocupación intensa y entre cuyos sitios se encuentran 13 cuevas destinadas a ceremoniales.(6)El estudio antropológico de gran número de restos óseos permite conocer los caracteres físicos de la población predominante. En general son de talla pequeña: 1.58 cm los varones y 1.48 las hembras, característica que coincide con los pueblos arauacos que hoy viven en el norte de Colombia, Venezuela y la Guayanas. De frente ancha y aplastamiento frontal, pómulos poco pronunciados, nariz achatada, boca grande y en general, con rasgos faciales de la raza mongoloide-americana, así como una tez de color cobrizo y cabello grueso, negro, lacio y casi siempre corto. La población aborigen ocupa lugares de la región por razones ecológicas y ambientales, las que influyen en su emplazamiento y desplazamientos, e incluso en las diferenciaciones culturales por segmentos del área, marcadas por las variaciones del relieve, clima y componentes medioambientales. El extremo este -Maisí- es puente entre Cuba y Quisqueya, desde donde llegan las distintas oleadas migratorias de grupos arauacos, pero de diferentes niveles culturales. De ese modo la condición de frontera marítima también condiciona una mayor presencia aborigen y una más elevada calidad de los grupos, ejerciendo así dicha frontera un efecto positivo en cuanto al acceso, pero limitado en cuanto a un virtual proceso de consolidación regional. Siendo portadores de una economía agrícola, para los grupos taínos la zona árida de las primeras plataformas de Maisí no ofrece ventaja, lo que los empuja al oeste en busca de tierras feraces y ríos permanentes, aunque sin alejarse mucho de las costas, en vista de la dependencia que aún tienen de las cosechas del mar, la tradición marítima y la topografía. El sistema ecológico de la actual ciudad de Baracoa y su periferia, propicia el mayor asentamiento por la posibilidad de combinar allí la caza, la pesca, la recolección y la agricultura, dadas las mejores condiciones de los suelos y las buenas condiciones hidrográficas. El macizo montañoso de la región, que observando desde la costa norte o sur la fragmenta toda por el centro, limita sobremanera una ocupación homogénea e intensa del espacio físico y consecuentemente lo que pudo ser en otras condiciones, un proceso consolidado de integración regional prehispánico. No obstante, suficientes argumentos prueban que las comunidades que comparten el espacio conocen y aprovechan en un grado considerable el medio. Ello se corrobora con la sistemática práctica interactiva con el mismo y la manera como este interactúa y se articula con la cultura existente. La práctica de una economía productora en fase superior determina que, sin excluir las actividades de caza y recolección animal, marina o litoral, sus integrantes efectúan una más intensa y concentrada explotación del territorio cultivable. Junto a los otros de las Antillas, esas comunidades originarias se comprenden en la llamada “Área Cultural de la Yuca ”. Dicha clasificación indica que la agricultura es la fundamental actividad económica y la yuca el cultivo básico, proceso en el cual la fase artesanal derivada del cultivo del tubérculo alcanza un elevado significado.(7)Lo antes dicho supone una determinada utilización y estructura de la tierra. Los “Conucos” son las parcelas de tierra que se dedican a la siembra de variados productos, pero especialmente a la yuca y el ají, tal y como es tradicional en otras comunidades aborígenes del Circuncaribe. A la yuca le sigue en importancia el boniato, batata o aje, del cual conocen diversas variedades que aún existen. También el maíz de varias clases, el güagüí, frijoles (negro, carita, caballero), maní (de menor importancia), bija, algodón, Lerén o Yerén, tabaco, ají picante. Además se sirven de frutas, semillas y raíces silvestres que les ofrece el medio. Aprovechan asimismo plantas productoras de fibras como el “maguey” y el “henequén”, de las cuales hacen sogas, cordones y cuerdas. Usan la Bija para también obtener el colorante rojo con el que se pintan la cara y el cuerpo, así como la Jagua de la que obtienen el tinte negro y la Manzanilla como planta medicinal. De acuerdo a descripciones como la de Roberto Mateizán, por ejemplo, toda la parte alta del Seboruco, donde más de 200 años después se establece una fortaleza, es un gran conuco donde se cultivan boniatos, ananás, papayas, yucas hasta cerca de 80 000 matas productoras y el maíz.(8)De todas maneras, el perfeccionamiento de sus instrumentos de trabajo les permite usar prácticas novedosas como la tumba de montes y otras variantes de deforestación para el desarrollo de la agricultura. En ese sentido la evolución gradual se observa al considerar el tránsito de un modo de cultivo simple como el de “roza” a otro superior, el de “montones”. Los Taínos elaboran sus instrumentos de trabajo con piedra, concha, madera y hueso, con una mayor perfección. Así se reconoce el desarrollo de implementos agrícolas y de pesca y para uso doméstico. Del primer bloque puede mencionarse la Coa , que también con otros nombres la utilizan las comunidades maya–yucatecas, así como el hacha de piedra pulida. La navegación constituye su principal arma de trabajo en cuanto a la pesca y se valen también de implementos efectivos de mar, como los sumergideros de red. Por tanto, el río es muy importante como hábitat, como fuente de alimentos, provisión de agua y vía de comunicación, para lo cual se sirven de las canoas, seguramente los cayucos, avíos de pesca y piraguas de caoba, cedro y ceiba de diferentes tamaños, con capacidad para un remero y otras para más de una veintena. No pocos de esos elementos de la cultura aborigen de la región se aprecian todavía pues, entre otras razones, esa cultura de mar la respalda desde entonces una amplia fuente maderable, similar a lo que ocurre en otras comunidades del Circuncaribe. Son igualmente muy hábiles en la confección de esteras y en las labores de cestería. El Sibucán, el Jibe y el Guacal, por ejemplo, se tejen con hojas de palma, así como las jabas, jabucos y catauros; estos últimos de yagua. Asimismo, se destacan como alfareros y sus cazuelas, escudillas, platos, calderos y botellas guardan una cierta perfección de líneas. La propiedad de los medios de trabajo es personal y en algunos casos la fabricación de estos y de otros bienes es un derecho clánico, familiar o de grupos de sexos. Los mencionados aspectos dan idea de que la comunidad del lugar alcanza antes de la conquista un nivel tecnológico que le permite gran flexibilidad productiva en su interrelación con el medio ambiente. Su ajuar evidencia que son capaces de realizar múltiples tareas, todo lo cual ofrece certitud acerca de la diversidad de sus instrumentos de producción, así como del desarrollo de habilidades y relaciones sociales. No obstante, hacia 1510, cuando se produce la conquista, dichas comunidades viven en fase tribal, es decir, de acuerdo a la práctica de la convivencia como aglomeración de familias o pueblos bajo la autoridad de un jefe. Su organización social se asienta en esas relaciones gentilicias de cierto nivel de desarrollo, con algunos síntomas que indican un tránsito hacia la etapa patriarcal. Consecuentemente, la sociedad se divide jerárquicamente según ese tipo de relaciones, las funciones organizativas de sus miembros y la posición que cada cual desempeña en las actividades productivas. La familia gira en torno a la mujer. Por ello la herencia sigue por lo general la línea femenina y la mujer puede desempeñar el Cacicazgo. La existencia de vínculos afectivos de diversas clases alude a otros elementos de unión dentro del grupo. Entre ellos el papel de la familia, el significado de la mujer, la que – como se ha visto - no ocupa una posición inferior al hombre, sino que es su compañera y en muchos casos, luego de la conquista, se manifiestan más rebeldes que los hombres. Importante igualmente es el amor a los hijos, lo cual se demuestra por los documentos de las primeras décadas de la conquista, que revelan la cantidad de padres y madres que se entregan a los españoles al ser apresados sus hijos y también la decisión –ante la imposibilidad de aliviar sus penas producto de la esclavitud– de sacrificar primero a aquellos y luego suicidarse ellos. Cada clan posee una persona o personas que detentan la máxima autoridad, sobre la base de la edad, la consanguinidad, la experiencia y el prestigio ante la comunidad y precisamente, el acatamiento y respeto al jefe del grupo es otro importante vínculo social. Se clasifican los Caciques como jefes principales, los Nitaínos que son los subjefes y a la vez consejeros y los Naborías. Estos últimos se dedican, entre otras, a las actividades agrícolas.(9)Lo que anteriormente se explica está directamente vinculado con el régimen alimentario. Existió y existe toda una cultura de la yuca o “cassava” en el Circuncaribe, alimento por excelencia de las tribus del Orinoco y las Antillas. Así, la dieta taína se compone básicamente de yuca, ajes o ñame, maíz tierno, huevos de aves y animales marinos, carne de ave, más los productos del mar. Se trata de una dieta variada y flexible porque la comunidad recurre a varios sistemas de extracción de su comida: el cultivo de plantas, la pesca, la caza de animales de monte y/o crianza de algunos. En ese plano también es una cultura que comparte similitudes con la de los pueblos de las regiones tropicales húmedas del Circuncaribe, cuya dieta es de tubérculos combinados alternativamente con pescado fresco o carnes de cualquiera de los animales que tienen. Prefieren las comidas asadas a la brasa y también cocinan los alimentos mezclados en un solo recipiente. Este elemento resulta muy interesante por las similitudes que levanta en toda la región del Circuncaribe y que atañen también al lenguaje de la época. Se ha demostrado que las hojas tiernas de la yuca tienen un potencial nutritivo superior a la mayoría de las especies que hoy nos alimentan; que los carbohidratos los reciben de la propia yuca, el boniato y otros tubérculos, así como las proteínas de las carnes. Lo que puede corroborarse sobre la relación hombre–medio y su impacto en la cultura alimentaria, es extensivo a la cultura material en general y particularmente en lo que se refiere a las formas para confeccionar sus casas. Para esto último se sirven de la abundante madera de sus bosques. La casa taína es de paredes de varas de madera, piso arenisco y techo de guano, lo cual demuestra su grado de habilidad e inteligencia. Se distribuyen alrededor de un edificio central al que llamaban Batey, donde celebran fiestas religiosas. En algunos poblados construyen la “Casa Grande” como centro ceremonial con techos cónicos o poligonales, y algunas veces también como punto de recolección de sus alimentos. Además, están las casas colectivas que albergan linajes completos, elemento común en las sociedades que tienen por base el clan. Varios cronistas señalan las grandes dimensiones de los caneyes, donde conviven varias familias, algún clan o familia extensa. Otra variante de edificación de las viviendas es el bohío, de tipo rectangular, que generalmente se destina a los caciques y hombres principales y en su parte superior, tanto estas como las anteriores, tienen un tiro de aire para la salida del humo y la barbacoa para almacenar alimentos y otros objetos dentro de las casas. Aunque no es posible precisar el número exacto de los pobladores a comienzos del siglo XVI, tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente en el sentido del nivel técnico productivo y societario, el significado de la población indocubana de Baracoa supera al de los demás asentamientos de la isla. Pero de todas maneras no debe sobredimensionarse esto pues el total de habitantes en la ínsula para 1510, es solo de aproximadamente 200 000 habitantes y en Baracoa cerca de 3000.(10)Siendo el lenguaje resultado de la convivencia social se confirma su nexo con el medio y la cultura. El de Baracoa es el arauaco insular, con determinadas adaptaciones semánticas que responden a esa interacción con el espacio y con el parecido que se verifica respecto a la lengua maya de Yucatán. Otras denominaciones arauacas y específicamente caribeñas o consideradas por los lingüistas como “caribismos”, reflejan su cultura material -Cayuco, Sibucán, Conucos, Piragua, Barbacoa, Jaba, Hamaca, Batey, Guayo– y su realidad geográfica -Seboruco, Maguana, Yara, Boma, Mangle, Sabana, Tibaracón, Yagua-, su fauna o los recursos y recetas alimentarias como Tetí. También para la elaboración de instrumentos musicales se sirven de los recursos del medio, muchos de los cuales mencionan varios cronistas. Entre ellos el gran tambor mayohuacán, los cascabeles hechos igualmente de madera, sonajeros u olivas sonoras preparados con conchitas univalvas y el Guamo, Fotuto o trompeta de caracol. Además, los silbatos de huesos y collares de cuentas de olivas sonoras, así como las maracas. Muchos de esos instrumentos se usan en las actividades sociales y recreativas como el Areíto, ocasión en que se danza durante horas y se cantan textos referentes a las hazañas y genealogías del grupo. Esa ceremonia, con el mismo nombre y función existe en igual época en las zonas indígenas y costeras centroamericanas, y al igual que allá, no tiene siempre la misma significación, sino variantes de acuerdo con la finalidad que se persigue.Aunque no está confirmado que tuvieran dioses dedicados a la agricultura, se consideran como Cemíes típicamente agrícolas las “piedras de tres picos” y Areítos dedicados a obtener mejores cosechas. Estos se celebran antes de empezar esas fases laborales dedicándolas a los Cemís encargados de hacer crecer las plantas, de modo que funcionan como complementos de sus ritos y mitología agrícola, acompañando a veces esas sesiones con banquetes y libaciones del vino de maíz. Una de las características más evidentes y de consenso en los estudios sobre esas comunidades del arco antillano, es la devoción hacia la naturaleza y en consecuencia una cosmogonía vinculada a los fenómenos climáticos y a los de la geografía compartida. Ello se evidencia en el uso de la tierra, sus técnicas agrícolas, ritos, su espectro religioso basado en la supervivencia del alma y otras muchas prácticas.Los mitos parecen explicar la formación del mundo, la salida del sol y la luna, la creación del hombre y la mujer, la formación del mar, los dones de la yuca y del tabaco, además del reservado al héroe civilizador común a varias culturas americanas. De modo que sus divinidades están relacionadas con el sol, la lluvia, la tierra o el viento, factores que intervienen en sus siembras directamente, lo cual es en general la base de todas las mitologías. A todo lo últimamente expresado se vincula el Behique. Los pobladores tienen sus Cemís, los que reciben adoración en el altar erigido dentro del bohío del indio, en el caney sagrado que a modo de ermita existe en cada caserío y en las grutas convertidas en templos para la celebración de los ritos. Pero dentro de ese espectro, el Behique es quizás el personaje más influyente. Ejerce como médico, hechicero y sacerdote a la vez. También el Behique asiste a los enfermos y se vale de propiedades curativas de algunas plantas, de conocimientos adquiridos por la tradición y la experiencia, además de rituales mágicos pues la enfermedad se considera en muchos casos, como obra de espíritus malignos. Igualmente oficia en relación con los Cemíes, habla con ellos y recibe sus inspiraciones y para todas las funciones que le atañen tiene su propio Cemí, al igual que su maraca y su pipa o tubo en forma de “Y”, que le sirve para tomar las ahumadas de tabaco y polvos por la nariz.(11)Por otro lado, sus costumbres funerarias permiten captar también particularidades significativas desde el punto de vista de su concepción del mundo y formas de vida. Los enterramientos en las cuevas, acompañando al difunto con ofrendas de cerámica, restos de animales, instrumentos, etc., prueban una determinada convicción de la continuidad de la vida después de la muerte, así como la asociación del culto a sus antepasados en sus creencias. Así, los ritos que realizan responden a fines medicinales y religiosos y dentro de este último a sus creencias animistas. Y en los tiempos de ocio también esos pobladores practican deportes y otros entretenimientos. Las Casas y otros historiadores notifican que hombres y mujeres participan del “Batos”, juego que tiene lugar en los bateyes y sobre el cual se ha especulado también acerca de su influencia mexicana. En esos tiempos libres también se despliegan sus potencialidades artísticas, muestras de las cuales se pueden verificar hoy a través de los dibujos rupestres en los yacimientos arqueológicos. Hasta ahora se registran 91 petroglifos y en cada uno de los sitios hay otros restos, cerámicos por ejemplo. La principal zona de grabados es la altiplanicie Majana - Majayara – Yara, al este de la ciudad de Baracoa. Tal como sostienen algunos arqueólogos, dichas muestras reflejadas en rocas, tienen un mensaje muy amplio en cada rostro o trazo, como evidencias de momentos reales y elocuentes de su cultura material, sus experiencias, vivencias y sentimientos.(12)Los elementos que antes se explican no significan que sean culturas desarrolladas al estilo de otras en el continente, pues no pocas aristas indican las limitaciones de esa evolución en el espacio. Las principales enfermedades que padecen esas personas, por ejemplo, son las osteoarticulares, los procesos inflamatorios, la tuberculosis en los huesos, las alteraciones del desarrollo y del metabolismo, traumas, patologías maxilofaciales y sífilis. Claro que ellas tienen diferente grado de incidencia de acuerdo al nivel de los grupos. Los Taínos tienen mayor propensión a las caries porque su alimentación descansa en productos de la agricultura que tienen un alto contenido de féculas y almidón. Especialmente en los casos de las patologías maxilofaciales y las enfermedades osteoarticulares, las causas pueden estar, de acuerdo al criterio de Rivero La Calle y otros especialistas, en los componentes de la dieta aborigen, o en la forma de preparar los alimentos, aunque no puede descartarse el posible uso de los dientes como instrumento de trabajo o la utilización, en el caso de los incisivos superiores, para descascarar algunas semillas o la propia yuca.(13)No obstante las imperfecciones culturales, es evidente que tanto su organización social, su sistema religioso, las características del arte, así como la celebración de actividades recreativas, dan idea de una cultura propia y una estrecha relación entre esos hombres y el medio con el cual interactúan. Para dejar abierto el tema de los pueblos originarios Esas comunidades construyen y dominan sus herramientas de trabajo, el medio geográfico y desarrollan una explotación intensiva del área cultivable, todos indicadores importantes que ofrecen una visión aproximada sobre un proceso conformativo regional en ascenso. Los elementos naturales, geográficos, demográficos, económicos y culturales explicados hasta ahora, así lo sugieren por la concurrencia de estos de modo coherente y específico. No obstante, tomando en cuenta en sentido general el nivel de desarrollo alcanzado por los grupos antes de la conquista, es posible coincidir con Pérez de la Riva en que la productividad de los mismos es baja en sentido general y que ignoran guerras, así como superestructuras sociales y políticas complejas. De otra parte, su equilibrio demográfico es bastante inestable, lo que se evidencia en una natalidad poco elevada, reducida por los numerosos y severos tabúes sexuales y una mortalidad moderada por el aislamiento. No obstante, su adaptación milenaria a un ecosistema relativamente inmutable, los preserva de los cataclismos demográficos que se dan en Europa y Asia, pero como consecuencia de ello, serían muy sensibles a cualquier trastorno de su género de vida.(14) Se trata entonces de una serie de asentamientos relativamente conexos, con predominio cultural Taíno, con una acendrada cultura marítima que garantiza la interacción hacia el interior de todo el litoral y con otras islas. Un nivel específico de maduración debe tener cuando es allí, primero en Duaba y luego en río Miel donde Colón encuentra por primera vez hostilidad en los aborígenes del archipiélago. Los pobladores no escapan al bosque en busca de refugio, sino que responden a los visitantes con sus azagayas o lanzas en las manos, los cuerpos pintados y profiriendo gritos de guerra. Así, “(...) aunque el miedo persistiría como constante, a partir de los días baracoenses de Colón, se acudiría a la tecnología militar de principios de la última década del siglo XV para implantar la sumisión.” (15)De manera similar puede examinarse el acto de rebeldía que protagoniza el cacique Hatuey cuando se produce la conquista. Ambos hechos suelen interpretarse como aislados y como evidencias de una respuesta natural de grupos que en buena parte provenían de la isla vecina, cuando también pueden indicar una respuesta colectiva y localizada, en favor de la defensa del espacio ocupado, al que de alguna manera deben considerar como suyo.Claro que esto es preciso tomarlo con reservas pues aún no puede considerarse que el principio de consanguinidad haya cedido al de territorialidad, de acuerdo a una visión antropológica de esos fenómenos en el plano de la formación de regiones y naciones. No obstante, ese indicador es un signo positivo e importante para evaluar la virtual formación de una autoconciencia regional. Se trata de un proceso conformativo regional prehispánico con evidentes limitaciones, como se ha visto. Existe una relativa homogeneidad etnolingüística que descansa y se fundamenta en indicadores de los análisis históricos regionales tan importantes como los económicos, demográficos y culturales. Su condición de frontera este del archipiélago le facilita el nutriente Taíno del exterior en oleadas migratorias sucesivas, lo que resulta favorable desde el punto de vista demográfico y cultural porque proceden del mismo tronco étnico. Pero al mismo tiempo, la referida situación limita o retarda el proceso de formación / integración regional, mucho menos nacional o con la visión de nación correspondiente al espacio antillano caribeño. En el plano regional al interior de la isla, que es el espacio de convivencia inmediata, tales conjuntos necesitan tiempo para adaptarse y reflejar posturas identitarias respecto al espacio y sus intercambios humanos. Ello especialmente porque también ese medio no favorece la integración sino la dispersión de los asentamientos, en virtud de los obstáculos naturales que presenta, lo que a su vez es otra limitación para la consolidación de la región prehispánica. ¿Nación Taína o Identidad Taína en los pueblos antillanos? Tal como se ha confirmado en el epígrafe anterior, es preciso distinguir y profundizar en las esencias y culturas aborígenes taínas en Cuba para poder aprehender su alcance en la conformación de la identidad y la regionalizad en la isla. Aún y cuando la impronta indígena y especialmente Taína en Baracoa, es sumamente importante, no podría hablarse de “Nación Taína” propiamente, ni para los tiempos prehispánicos y mucho menos para la actualidad. La existencia de una nación –sea cual fuera la vertiente de enfoque que se asuma- depende de que la sociedad humana haya alcanzado una forma superior de integración en términos de territorio y no solo ocupación sino control de éste, economía, relaciones sociales, lenguaje y otras características, aunque contenga contradicciones en su interior. De manera que, de lo que si puede hablarse es de la identidad taína como componente de identidades nacionales y regionales en el caso cubano. En el caso particular que ocupa el presente trabajo, el elemento indígena es componente primario en el habla, la economía, el mestizaje, las expresiones artísticas y otros ámbitos de la sociedad regional. El estudio de la región histórica de Baracoa en la larga duración -tomando en cuenta sus modificaciones y los procesos culturales que dentro de ella han tenido lugar desde sus orígenes hasta lo que es hoy-, no puede dejar de contemplar lo indígena como uno de sus elementos de continuidad fundamentales.(16) Por ello, para este caso las preguntas ¿de dónde venimos y cuál era la región en sus orígenes? adquieren un especial relieve. El indicador referido al mestizaje es una muestra. Aunque observando la tendencia general de la Cuba de hoy, Baracoa se ubica en sintonía con el país en cuanto al incremento gradual y sostenido del mestizaje, el resultado actual del mestizo baracoeso es distinguible y por ello mismo identificado como “el tipo baracoense”. Las diferencias en su fenotipo se asocian a diversos factores históricos y especialmente a la impronta de lo indígena.(17) La población blanca representa por lo general entre el 40 y el 50 % dentro del total de población, manteniéndose en zigzag casi todo el tiempo y acusando una discreta disminución durante el último medio siglo. Mientras, la negra y mulata ocupa entre el 50 y el 60 %, porciento, un poco mayor que la anterior, pero sobre todo por los mulatos pues los negros, salvo en 1846, solo constituyen el 10 % o menos. A ello se agrega que la población asiática se registra solo a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y en proporciones inferiores al 1 %. Al considerar la relación de masculinidad en la población de cada uno de los grupos según color de la piel, se comprueba que aunque la tendencia en el total de población es de predominio masculino, esto es exactamente así en la población blanca solamente. Entre los mestizos predominan durante más de un siglo las mujeres y entre los negros predominan igualmente las mujeres a fines del siglo XIX, lo que confirma que el cruzamiento es inevitable y que obviamente la región debe tener especificidades en la composición e índice de las familias. Si se considera que la población asiática no tiene prácticamente significado en el mestizaje, y que hay un componente arauaco “invisible estadísticamente”, pero confirmado como con una alta presencia y sobrevivencia en la región que se estudia, es posible concluir que el mestizaje más sostenido ha sido entre blancos e indios, seguido por los mulatos que allí resultan de la mezcla entre blancos y negros pero especialmente entre blancos e indios durante la mayor parte del tiempo y finalmente el cruce de esos dos grupos con los negros. Se trata de un tipo de mestizaje particular que ofrece hoy un conjunto bastante homogéneo, incluso frente a regiones orientales donde también sobreviven por mucho tiempo los aborígenes y sus descendientes, como Bayamo y Guantánamo. La observación de los pobladores en el terreno permitió confirmar la existencia de zonas donde la ascendencia arauaca es más evidente, muchas de las cuales coinciden con lugares de sitios arqueológicos. Igualmente, zonas donde hay población de pigmentación más oscura, coincidiendo con áreas donde se ubicaron esclavos cautivos y apalencados.(18)El recurso onomástico permitió rastrear de forma aproximada el espacio y formarse una idea de la permanencia de esos componentes históricos del mestizaje, en las zonas que todavía integran la región histórica, en otras ya perdidas pero cuyo origen se encuentra en Baracoa y en algunas más lejanas pero muy vinculadas a la que se estudia por diversas vías. Menos evidente resulta en Moa centro y en Sagua, por haber tenido ambas un poblamiento más tardío y vinculado a otras regiones. También lógicamente se localizan algunos en Holguín por la costa norte: Cayo Mambí (hoy municipio Frank País), las zonas moenses de Cañete, Punta Gorda y Yamanigûey y en Guantánamo especialmente, en Yateras (hoy municipio Manuel Tames). En el espacio actual se confirman más de 120 apellidos cuyo origen se registra en Baracoa durante el tiempo objeto de estudio. De modo que los componentes indígena, francés y español, que son los principales, son perfectamente constatables. En algunos casos las mezclas que se observan hoy son bastante cerradas, como el caso de los Osorio–Osorio. Por supuesto, la encomienda y el sistema de imponer a los encomendados los apellidos de los dueños blancos, tal como sucediera luego con los esclavos, hace que existan hoy familias con los mismos apellidos, pero en unos casos con ascendencia blanca y en otros indios y mestizos. Alrededor de 50 apellidos confirman de modo aproximado la presencia francesa, algunos de los cuales han sufrido corrupciones por el idioma hispanizándose y a veces por el significado de lo fonético. En la época que se estudia a veces se escriben incluso de forma diferente en los documentos oficiales.(19) En general, la formación de familias como estructura básica de la sociedad regional, tiene allí especificidades marcadas también por la marginalidad y los componentes culturales antes explicados. A pesar de ser una región de vasto territorio en términos físicos y de baja densidad de población, la mezcla ha sido intensa y la repetición de los mismos apellidos en todos sus puntos es notoria. Por ello se ha hablado con razón de una cierta “endogamia regional”, lo que se manifiesta en la numerosidad de matrimonios que unen a sus habitantes, un grado de consaguinidad no despreciable y la restricción del número de patronímicos, algunos de los cuales están tan extendidos que dan lugar a numerosos matrimonios isonímicos.(20) Este fenómeno, común en otras regiones y zonas caracterizadas por la marginalidad y el aislamiento, se confirma al menos desde los registros del siglo XVIII. Todas las circunstancias descritas han influido en otros elementos que igualmente tipifican todavía a la región histórica baracoesa y sus pobladores. Entre ellos la cultura alimentaria, que reproduce el uso de componentes y formas de elaboración de platos particulares, con una alta presencia del elemento taíno, de su medio y tradiciones. Esa diversidad abarca desde la coctelería, hasta postres, platos salados y otros. En todos los casos sobresale el uso del coco (en su casco, agua, masa, leche y aceite), el recurso marino, el cacao y formas propias para nombrarlos, con lo que conecta la especificidad del lenguaje. Algunos cambios se han producido en las recetas, pero sobreviven muchas autóctonas o que lo fueron de habitual consumo en otras regiones cubanas -especialmente orientales-, pero que han permanecido ancladas solo en el lugar. Algunas como el propio Calalú, el Bacán, el uso de la leche de coco en las elaboraciones y otros, permanecen en la dieta de los pobladores de otras zonas del Circuncaribe, confirmando no solo el fundamento histórico de vínculos humanos, sino que, situaciones y medios similares pueden generar respuestas alimentarias y culturales parecidas, lo que igualmente es indicativo de un sentido de identidad regional de mayor dimensión. En cuanto al lenguaje, el peso del arauaco insular en la toponimia, en elementos de su cultura material y en otros aspectos es una evidencia importante, así como el efecto del aislamiento y la confluencia de condiciones específicas, lo que decide en que la región conserve normas lingüísticas que en el resto del país fenecieron y que también se considere única, sin vínculos directos con otras zonas, a diferencia de otras cuatro consideradas como zonas dialectales del país. Esto último a partir de un estudio lingüístico nacional que se realizó durante los años 70, como resultado del cual se clasificó a la región como Zona E, por sus variaciones semánticas y lexicológicas, como las omisiones de la “r” en los infinitivos, fonéticas, e incluso del lenguaje extraverbal.(21)Otras conexiones se detectan en aristas de la cultura espiritual. Permanecen, por ejemplo, costumbres y tradiciones antiguas propias, o que en otras partes de la isla ya han desaparecido. Las festividades por la tenencia de la Cruz de la Parra , otras de carácter religioso como los Altares de Cruz, las todavía tradicionales y de reputación peleas de gallos. La religiosidad, por ejemplo, mantiene en prevalencia al catolicismo y la variante regional de la Cruz de la Parra , seguida de expresiones protestantes que reverdecen últimamente, además de espiritismo cruzado y cultos afrocubanos, pero estos últimos en proporción ínfima. La presencia de adoraciones a fenómenos naturales, partería, curandería y otros, especialmente en las zonas rurales, se asocia al escaso desarrollo y al aislamiento, a la vez que a la presencia de remanentes de los sistemas religiosos indocubanos.(22)Manifestaciones artísticas como la pintura, la artesanía, la ebanistería y la escultura, reafirman como signos distintivos sus eslabones culturales más fuertes e históricos: el componente indígena, la cultura marítima y la exaltación del medio. También sobresalen el refinamiento y la maestría en el trabajo con variedades de madera y otros componentes naturales para la recreación, la vida cotidiana, el estilo de las viviendas, la elaboración de objetos para el placer artístico propiamente y otras finalidades similares. Especialmente relevante es la música, por la permanencia de las tradicionales variantes autóctonas que precedieron al son -Kiribá y Nengón- con sus respectivos bailes, cuyos movimientos rítmicos advierten sobre esa cultura de mar arraigada en la región.(23)El referido espectro se conecta directamente con un sentido de pertenencia regional muy arraigado que aún prevalece y se ufana de su autenticidad (“nosotros los baracoenses”). Claro que el sentido de arraigo en una región deprimida como esta, se produce de manera lenta respecto al resto de las primeras villas que devienen en centros nodales de sus regiones históricas. Mientras en Cuba el siglo XVII se ha identificado como el siglo formativo, en Baracoa dicha cualidad le corresponde al XVIII realmente. Pero las otras especificidades geográficas e incluso de su condición deprimida, aceleran tal vez más que en otras esa formación identitaria, como se verá a lo largo del trabajo.A la anunciada lentitud contribuye que la situación de despoblamiento se prolonga allí más de un siglo, a diferencia del resto de las primeras fundaciones y luego es más que todo una región emisora de población, además de que recursos como la imprenta y la prensa, por ejemplo, que contribuyen a fomentar ese sentido de arraigo e identidad, aparecen más tarde en la que se estudia que en las otras, incluso orientales.Además, la región tiene que contar con segmentos de población que -ya fuera por haberla elegido como zona de refugio (negros apalencados, por ejemplo), o por ocupar espacios intrincados huyendo de la colonización (los autóctonos)- se marginan del proceso regional por mucho tiempo, por lo cual su incorporación es lenta y no articulada en plazos cortos ni medianos al conjunto y a los moldes culturales que se van sedimentando en el espacio regional. Pero al mismo tiempo, esos elementos en el tiempo largo generan un sentido de unidad cultural considerable. De sus componentes étnicos originarios más importantes, el indígena especialmente es considerado en la identidad regional por su peso y por la distinción que le confiere a la región, a la vez que su significado en el sentido de su conservación, también alude a la condición deprimida y marginada de ella. Presente en toda la cultura material y espiritual de lo baracoeso, ese rasgo se confirma y reproduce también por la existencia –como antes se indicara- de zonas (Yara, Majayara, La Ceiba en Sabanilla, Los Calderos, el Bagá y otras) donde esa huella está físicamente presente. La pertenencia descansa igualmente en la conciencia y legitimación de esa convivencia espacial a lo largo de siglos en condiciones de aislamiento, en la racionalización de la autenticidad de su primacía, de su modo de ser, de su cultura, elementos todos que los hacen distinguirse para bien, y que los asemeja al resto de la isla en los valores más auténticos de la cubanidad.(24) En cuanto al medio, dicha autenticidad se expresa en la conservación por excelencia de la mayor reserva de flora y fauna endémica del país, en un tipo de mestizaje original, en el sentido de “pueblo terminal” que ha sido zona de abrigo y confinamiento, lo que en cierta medida condiciona una especial confraternización con el que llega. También en su sentido de autosuficiencia como comunidad y todo el efecto que genera el hecho de haber sido débilmente influida por la cultura azucarera.
Notas al pie:
1.
Se asume como región histórica el espacio geográfico social –en este caso intranacional– en el cual la ciudad actúa como centro jerarquizante y en el que confluyen de manera coherente características económicas, sociales, políticas, culturales e ideológicas, cuya interacción en el tiempo largo produce una identidad que perdura en su trayectoria y que se modifica dentro de su propia dinámica, sin que por ello deje de pertenecer y estar influida, por el exterior del que forma parte.
2.
Ver: Ignacio José de Urrutia y Montoya: Teatro histórico, jurídico, político y militar de la Isla Fernandina de Cuba y principalmente de su capital La Habana , en José Martín Félix de Arrate : Los tres primeros historiadores de la isla de Cuba , Imprenta y Librería de Andrés Pego, La Habana , 1877, tomo III, .p. 130 y 482. Para Felipe Pichardo Moya, existían 26 provincias indias, pero si el Cacique era un jefe local cuya autoridad no debió extenderse fuera de los límites del poblado -criterio que también compartieron en su momento Herrera, Felipe Poey y José María de la Torre- no puede existir certeza en cuanto a que unos territorios pertenecieran a otros, como se verificara en La Española. No obstante Moya supone la relación entre las zonas partiendo de un caso (Sabaneque respecto a Camagüey) que aparece en un texto de Velásquez. Ver de este autor: Cuba precolombina , Editorial Librería Selecta, La Habana, 1949, p. 92.
3.
J. M. Guarch: El Taíno de Cuba. Ensayo de reconstrucción etnohistórica , Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, La Habana, 1978, p. 131 y de J. M. Guarch y Alejandro Z. Barceló: Los Cemíes olvidados , Publicigraf, La Habana, 1993, p. 58. Esto a pesar de que debe tomarse en cuenta el criterio de que la división del territorio en cacicazgos implicaba la desunión de toda la población que aún no había logrado integrar unidades más complejas, como lo eran por ejemplo, las Confederaciones de Cacicazgos de La Española. Tomado de: Estrella Rey: El colonialismo temprano en Cuba: 1511-1517, ponencia presentada en el IV Encuentro de Historiadores Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, Bayamo, 1993, Folleto en Biblioteca Nacional “José Martí”.
4.
“ Descripción de la isla de Cuba y de sus primeros habitantes “copiada del tercer volumen manuscrito de la Historia General de las Indias por Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas, Obispo de Chiapas, en Memorias de la Real Sociedad Patriótica de La Habana , tomo IV, III Serie, La Habana , 1837, p. 287.
5.
Las cifras de sitios arqueológicos en todas esas zonas que forman parte de la región histórica de Baracoa durante algún período, se han actualizado con los datos de los estudios municipales de Baracoa, Maisí, Imías, San Antonio del Sur, Sagua de Tánamo y Moa. En el caso de Baracoa se complementa con la obra de Roberto Ordúñez y Kim Mittieri. Ver Bibliografía.
6.
La zona Yara-Majayara contiene un sistema cavernario dividido en tres terrazas: Yara, Majana y Majayara, nombres que corresponden a la situación toponímica en que se extienden. En la Cueva de la Lluvia o Cueva del Ser, se halló una escultura de gran valor artístico, de 1.08 metros de largo y un relieve de más de 20 cm saliendo de la pared de piedra viva, que resulta impresionante. Ver de Kim Mittieri y Roberto Ordúñez: Taínos. Diario de la expedición cubano-catalana Arqueológica Baracoa 2000, Ediciones El Mundo Gordiano, España, 2001, P. 75 y 86.
7.
El casabe se obtiene a partir de la elaboración de su raíz venenosa para obtener el pan casabe, que constituye el producto principal con un significativo impacto en toda la conformación cultural. Esto se confirma con el hecho de que en el 91% de los sitios arqueológicos de la región, se encuentran fragmentos de Burén.
8.
Roberto Mateizán: Cuba pintoresca y sentimental , Santiago de Cuba, s.f, tomo I, p. 135.
9.
Ayúncololocal se refiere a la regla de residencia por la cual un muchacho debe volver al poblado del hermano de la madre. Tomado de Lourdes Domínguez, Jorge Febles y Alexis Rives: “Las comunidades aborígenes de Cuba”, en Instituto de Historia de Cuba: Historia de Cuba. La colonia. Evolución socioeconómica y formación nacional, desde los orígenes hasta 1867, Editora Política, La Habana, 1994, p. 47.
10.
Ob. cit. (13), p. 50. Claro que los resultados de las investigaciones arqueológicas pueden modificar este dato en el futuro, tal como lo fue la cifra de 120 000 en su momento. Ver de Juan Pérez de la Riva : Poblamiento y ciclos económicos de Cuba, [s.l, s.n, s.a,], p. 2.
11.
Este asunto se cruza con una confusión entre el efecto narcótico de la planta llamada Campana, usada como componente de la Cohoba o Cohiba y el consumo del tabaco en ese tiempo, como medicina y para actos religiosos. Para mayores detalles consulte de Francisco Pérez de la Riva: La agricultura indoantillana. Su aporte a los cultivos y la alimentación humana, La Habana, 1951, p. 48-49. También ofrecen información sobre el particular la ob. cit. (13), p. 23 y Jacobo de la Pezuela: Diccionario geográfico, estadístico e histórico de la isla de Cuba, Madrid, 1863, Tomo IV, p. 563.
12.
Mittieri y Ordúñez…ob. cit. (9), p. 119, 120 y 159-160.
13.
Manuel Rivero La Calle : “Enfermedades pre y postcolombinas en las Antillas mayores”, (s.l, s.n, s.a)
14.
Pérez de la Riva.. .ob. cit. (16), p. 2.
15.
Pérez Guzmán...ob. cit. (14), p. 148
16.
Se asume como región histórica el espacio geográfico social –en este caso intranacional– en el cual la ciudad actúa como centro jerarquizante y en el que confluyen de manera coherente características económicas, sociales, políticas, culturales e ideológicas, cuya interacción en el tiempo largo produce una identidad que perdura en su trayectoria y que se modifica dentro de su propia dinámica, sin que por ello deje de pertenecer y estar influida, por el exterior del que forma parte
17.
De acuerdo a los estudios de Eric Dubesset, ese “tipo baracoense” se caracteriza por una débil coloración de la piel y por la supervivencia de ciertos rasgos mongoloides de los indios taínos. Ver de dicho autor…ob. cit. (32), p. 112.
18.
Este análisis se basa en estudios precedentes como el de F. N. Escoto: Tornando atrás. La verdadera ruta de Colón; entrevistas realizadas al Lic. Roberto Ordúñez, presidente de la Sociedad Arqueológica de Baracoa, Lic. Elecsis Fernández Ribio, subdirector del Museo Matachín, Lic. María Court, directora de la Biblioteca Municipal y Lic. Enrique Froilián, además del trabajo de terreno realizado en la región durante los últimos años.
19.
De modo sobresaliente se pueden confirmar como de ascendencia indígena a Romero, Gutiérrez, Ramírez, Pineda, González, Pérez y Osorio. Entre los franceses Venguet (antes Begué), Mulné (hoy Monné), Nourell (hoy Maurell), Ruens (hoy Ruenes), Lallet (hoy Salé), Brocard (antes Brocal) y otros. De amplia presencia en la región actual son Nicó, Mirabens, Laffita, Sabó, Court, Ferrand, Bravet, Delabat, Gilbert, Dupotet, Fideau, LLorens y Bulté. Para este examen se utilizaron los datos de documentos de la época (siglos XVI al XIX), tales como padrones locales, cartas, listados de milicias, relación de encomiendas y otros, junto al Directorio Telefónico. Zona Oriental , ETCSA, La Habana , 2002, más el trabajo de terreno realizado en todas las zonas que integran la región a lo largo de su proceso evolutivo: San Antonio del Sur, Imías, Maisí, Baracoa, Moa, Sagua de Tánamo y también Guantánamo por las fronteras, al igual que Holguín por la incidencia en Cayo Mambí.
20.
En este caso, isonímico se refiere a matrimonios con los mismos apellidos. La endogamia regional, que es un término de la Etnología , se expresa en la obligatoriedad de los individuos de una comunidad de casarse solo entre sí. Ver de Dubesset…ob. cit. (32).
21.
Ver de Choy López…ob. cit. (37), p. 90-91. El Instituto de Literatura y Lingüística conserva un banco de datos sobre el trabajo de campo realizado, que contiene información escrita y visual sobre esta y las otras cuatro zonas. Este estudio merece ser continuado. En el trabajo de campo realizado para esta investigación se detectaron variaciones igualmente semánticas y fonéticas al interior de la región (zonas rurales–zona urbana) que pueden aportar nuevos elementos al respecto.
22.
Algunos autores han tratado el tema en diversos trabajos, tales como Osvaldo Navarro: “Baracoa. La primera villa. Reafirmación de los orígenes”, en Bohemia, no. 23, junio 5 de 1992; José A. García Molina: “Los aborígenes cubanos: leyenda de una extinción”, en Temas, no. 7, La Habana, 1996, p. 28-36 y el trabajo de campo realizado por la autora durante los últimos años.
23.
Estudios actuales cuestionan las conclusiones repetidas en la historiografía acerca de la desaparición de los areítos y de la cultura indígena, encontrando nexos entre aquellas expresiones y las musicales actuales; entre ellas y sesiones de espiritismo de cordón, por ejemplo, de modo que es todavía un camino abierto. José A. García Molina, investigador de la Biblioteca Nacional “José Martí”, está terminando una obra sobre el tema y otros aspectos del espectro cultural indígena en la sociedad cubana actual, especialmente de las regiones orientales.
24.
Un enfoque esencialmente antropológico y bastante bien logrado aunque no se compartan todos sus criterios, especialmente a las relaciones fronteras físicas–identidad, es el de Dubesset…ob. cit. (32).
mercredi 30 janvier 2008
A day of Healing at a Native American Indian Clinic
A Day of Healing at a Clinic for Native Americans
Barely thirty, JWE, now sits in front of you, a wasted life, his limbs a metaphor for that waste. Bites from bed bugs all over. He requests calamine lotion.
R foot disabled by Charcot. Painful to move, dislocation of the bones of the ankle joint I suppose.
I was determined that he is seen regularly by us. The Podiatry Nurse had picked him at his home and bought him over to the clinic ( Point 1).
Basing our concern on the friendship we have with this nice man, sit and chat with him.
He produces two prescriptions from a cardiologist from City: Atenelol ER 25 mg , one half to be taken each day.
The Diabetes educator tried to break the tiny tablet into two, was unable to ( Pont 2). The Pharmacy agreed to break the tablets into two for this young man suffering with neuropathy and general muscular weakness.
The Podiatrist attends to his feet, he needs operative correction and she makes the necessary arrangements for them to be done at Sioux City.
I ask him for his telephone number, I have two cellular phones, he says proudly, I shall call you on both phones at the same time to remind you to come and see us next month.
He has been prescribed 35 units of NPH (a longer acting Insulin ) in the morning and in the evening and 20 units of Humalog (a quick acting insulin) before Lunch and dinner. Whoever prescribed that did not have any idea of his eating habits.
He, likes many Indians has hardly any breakfast, so the Insulin in the morning makes him feel weak by mid morning, he has to grab whatever he has, usually something undesirable, to make him feel better. Lunch is a small affair and if he takes the Humalog he feels drowsy all afternoon. The evening meal is a substantial one and he takes his insulin before dinner and the fast acting one after dinner. Occasionally he wakes up feeling weak .
Cut down on his Insulin in the morning, Omit the pre lunch Insulin if he is having a small lunch and ask him to take his Insulin before dinner.
A commonly made error is the incongruity between Insulin dosage and the requirements of the individual body, in this case a man who does not eat breakfast or very little at lunch.
Bug Bites may not be a medical emergency but it is a social one. Calamine lotion is not the treatment for the situation, first soap to clean the skin , and look into the housing situation, where does he sleep, how can we find out the status of the bedding he sleeps on, how can we help. (Point 3)
Point 1
Just because the Nurse thought of picking him up, he was able to have his foot cared for. There are people out there whom we can help. But how can we help if they don’t have access to us?
Point 2
How many of us know the shapes and colours of the prescription medications we write for and ask patients to do superhuman feats that we ourselves cannot do. Just because he is a patient it does not mean he does not have any human rights.
This first patient of the day, was an example of Human Rights Violation at the level of Health and at the same time an example how social care can augment the outcome of a poor patient.
Point 3
Knowing fully the personal habits and hygiene of the place of residence is extremely important. As carers of human beings, we must make sure that we are not adding to the already present social structural violence in their lives.
Patient 2
Age 43
Type 2 Diabetes since age 35.
Why do you think you got Diabetes?
It cannot be hereditary, since my mother who is in her late sixties was just diagnosed with diabetes and I have had diabetes now for eight years.
I am convinced that it is the food that made me diabetic. (Point 1). I was eating everything and anything and paid no attention at all to the quality of food.
Now going on for eight years with Type 2 Diabetes, controlled with one oral hypoglycemia agent.. Eventhough he works in the clinic area, he has not been seen by any provider for more than one year. His A1C is 7.0.
Doctors tend to forget that patients also have their view of the world and explanations of why they get ill. It is one of the fundamental themes of cross cultural medicine, that patients from various cultures, even from the same country, such as USA, have different explanations on why they get sick. If you are unwilling to accept and negotiate through the model (called Explanatory Model in Anthropology), you would become less effective, you are not out there to demonstrate your pathophysiological knowledge, you are out there to take care of the patient and relieve him of his illness and suffering. You are not at war with your patient, and don’t try to assert your superiority ( a complex) by insisting that only your explanatory model, the western medical model based on body as a machine metaphor). If the patient believes that his hyperglycemia was caused by food he was eating, and you don’t believe him; and you make that clear in your action or words or facial expressioins, he also has very little interest in believeing your pathophysiological explanations of insulin resistance or insulin secretion. We are not here to prove who is right and who is wrong, but try to find way s communicating with the person sitting in front of you and alleviate his symptoms Curers, which of most of the health care providers are, want certainty; healers want relief of suffering. This is not about doctor patient relationship, that is very much dependent upon the personality of the provider. As my UmonHon teacher once told me: you cannot make a good doctor out of a bad person.
Patient No 3
If you work with Indians long enough, you begin to understand the importance of symbolism in their lives. As one Lakota Elder remarked: we live in a world of symboiism, we only need a hint to understand.
One such thing happened to me today.
As I was leaving the Blue House ( the house where I stay when I come to work with the Indians), a whiff of air made a photo tumble down from its position in the shelf. I looked at the photo. I t was a photo of Marcia
C an assistant to D(director of Diabetes Programme) had called this patient at home. (point 1) to remind her of the appointment with me. She said, I clear forgot, I thought it was for next Friday. Eagerly she was at the office within fifteen minutes.
My sugar is up today, and she would give an explanation. ( remember to believe in their explanation, and not arrogantly deny saying, one piece of cake wont make the sugar go up by 100 points). But it has been coming down.
Her blood sugars have been acceptably normal in the range of 150 post prandially and with a a1C of 7.5. that was early last year.
Her closest friend of twenty five years died in March of last year. We have been friends for a long time, she said, I could see how she struggled to complete her nursing degree while she was still in an abusive relationship. Her son was a toddler then, thank God her father stepped in and helped her and she could finish her studies and become a nurse. We would sit around and talk about things, she was the only person that I could open up and tell everything.
Patient came to the clinic in June 2007. Her Blood sugars have been running high, and A1C was elevated. This time it was close to 9.5 (point 2). The provider looks at the numbers and increases her insulin and tells her to come back in two months time.
Everytime someone mentioned her name, my eyes will well up, my patient continued. I was crying and feeling very sad. I was not depressed but I needed an explanation.
She returned to the clinic in august of 2007, the response of the provider was to increase the insulin once again. She did not wish to follow the advice, as she had recently begun to see the mental health counselor and was seeing a ray of hope in the world of her sorrow.
On her next visit and the subsequent ones, the blood sugar had come down, the A1C showing a congruous decrease.
How are your sessions with the counselor? She is a good friend of mine, and a very traditional woman.
She has really helped me. She talks to me about understanding this loss and I feel that when the ceremony for the anniversary of death comes around I would no longer be sad at the mention of her name. but I will never forget her and I will always remember her, my dear friend.
I began relating to her sadness. When Ruggles Stahn, an excellent colleague and a kind man, died in a plane crash in Minot North Dakota during one of his trips to the various tribes, tears would well up in my eyes each time I heard his name. A Indian Elder told me, take his favourite food, go to a secluded area, preferably under a tree and call to him and speak to him, tell him that it is time for him to go, on his journey and leave you alone. Tell him that he will always be in your heart and that he is in a better position after his journey to be of help to you and look after you than where he is now. I prayed for him and miraculously enough, despite the fact that my love and admiration for him never decreased, the welling up of eyes did go away, go away it did very quickly.
I then invoked a Colombian writer, a favourite of mine, Alvaro Mutis, who once wrote: when someone dies, until all the person who knew and remember that person, he or she remains alive in our hearts. It is only after all of us have died that the person finally dies.
The mental health counselor helped me accept her physical loss. I am very grateful to her. I also thanked the counselor in my heart.
Looking at the blood sugar and A1C in a chronological fashion, one thing is very obvious. Her blood sugars were acceptable before the death of her friend, it went up and went up, and once she began counseling with the Mental Health Counsellor, it began to come down and I am confident that once that ceremony is over, her blood sugar will return to its previous self.
I always try to bring in the spiritual aspects of life to the encounter. There is no need for proseletyzing since an average Indian patient is on a much higher plane of spiritual awareness than an average person that I encounter on my visits to the United States. I was delighted to hear that she attends the Native American Church regularly, and that her husband is a Roadman for the Church. I was happy as I had just watched a documentary about Huichol Indians and their Peyote collection rituals. (at the Museum of Antrhopology in Mexico City).
I an Endocrinologist trained in the purest of the western tradition (London, Melbourne, Washington University and University of Miami in the USA), firmly believe that it is the counseling by the Mental Health Professional that has brought her relief: not only emotionally but physically as well.
And do you know the name of her of friend she so much mourns about?
Marcia
Point 1
Our clinic is not run along the models of a fee for service medical service clinic found in the non Indian world. Giving a patient an appointment slip or sending a letter has very little value in our world view. What I learned from long years of working with M is as follows: You can tell a patient that you would like to see them, in one month or two months and if possible even give a date.
The week before or on Monday or Tuesday of the week if the clinic is to be held on a Friday, someone has to call and remind the patient that she or he has an appointment on Friday. That is still not enough. This patient came to the clinic, because Crista called her and reminded her of the forgotten appointment.
I would have missed a great spiritual experience if she had not come to the clinic.
Point 2
Fifteen years ago, Dr Mohammed A, asked me what is the necessity of having a psychologist on the Diabetes programme? We can take care of their diabetes, we have medications and why do we need a psychologist? They are not crazy.
Unfortunately, fifteen years later that kind of thinking still persist. Working with the UmonHon Indians, it has afforded me a chance to practice medicine as it was practiced among them before the European came and we can practice healing like everyone in the world deserves but don’t have access to.
We have access to their world but we don’t utilize it. They come to see us and we see only the paper and the number before us.
Whenever there is a sudden change in the measurements: whatever it is, weight, TSH levels, A1C levels, remember, the usual cause is emotional upset in their lives. Instead of just reaching out for the prescription pad and writing more of the same medications, just enquire a little bit about their lives, and try to find out from their social and cultural life what has changed.
And respect it and offer help if you can. Some of you may think that I have I am doing injustice to the patient not to increase Insulin or other medications when on paper or on algorithms one must increase it, I am sorry, I never increase any medications for patients under my care unless I speak to them of their emotional, family and social and many cases spiritual life.
I am allotted 30 minutes with each patient and it is sufficient to touch all the subjects to gain a good understanding.
To imitate Eugene Delacroix, it is the relief of grief and suffering you rendered that people remember you by.
Lunch at Azteca Bar and Grill in W village. The outside temperature was hovering around 30 degrees F.
Let us go to W village to eat but we have to be back by 1 pm, said M. Sorry there is not enough time to go elsewhere to eat, apologizing knowing my propensity for edible food.
Three of us colleagues, D and M and I got into the car and we were at the restaurant in W villatge. It is a metaphor for the mixture that is this country in that in the middle of the state of upper plains, in a town where majority of the people are native Americans, there is a Mexican restaurant! Also tells us about the future demographics of this country.
The Burritos are oversized, like a Mexican migrant to the united states, perhaps an allegory. It was tasty enough. It was prepared by Esperanza, I went to the kitchen and said hello to her. I was told of her by the a nurse working at another Indian clinic.
It is a nice time to be together, eating together with people you work with. I don’t have time nor occasion to socialize with them as they live about 30 miles away from the clinic and when I am here I stay very close to the clinic.
Patient no 4
During the lunch time, I was told that a patient is bringing her sister to see me, even though there was no medical indication for that visit. M said, she was a little angry when she left the clinic the other day, so you can calm her down.
More about the sister later on, first about the patient.
I have known this patient and her family from the very beginning of my visits to the UmonHon country. It is obvious that her family has a genetic proclivity for metabolic diseases in that most of the members of the family have diabetes, young and old and even the eight year old grand daughter has Acanthosis Nigricans.
She had come to see in October last year. She had just been to see the Nephrologist and received what she termed, the “death sentence”. The nephrologist authoritatively told her, your kidneys are only functioning at 10 per cent of its capacity and soon you would need dialiysis.
She had somewhat expecting the news but the brutishness with which the news was delivered unnerved her. She realized that she needed the services of the doctor, and would soon become dependent upon him for continued life, and the thought depressed her. She also has a sister in a similar stage of advanced kidney disease.
She wanted to know, in October last year, what I thought of her proposed trip to Oregon. She has been invited by a friend to spend a month or so with her in the Oregon countryside. She cherished the thought of being able to go once again to the land of mountain and river and waters. I saw the pleasure of anticipation in her face and said to her, that I fully support her visit to her friend and made sure that she had enough of the medications she needed. Even at that time I noticed that she had left the nephrologists office very little medications, not like many others at her stage of disease with multitudes of medications.
She spent two months with her friend and also with her other sister who was living there in Portland, Oregon. Each day they ate fresh food, conscious of the additives in food and try to eat less meat and more fruits and vegetables. They kept each other company and she had a delightful time and returned only a few days before this visit to see me in the clinic.
She definitely needs to be under the care of a nephrologist. We are fortunate enough to have a nephrologist on our staff, Dr A. So first it was to make sure that she will make an appointment to see him and follow his advice regarding ways to keep dialysis at bay.
She had been concerned about her blood pressure, but it was an acceptable 130/58. She was very happy to hear about that. She felt relaxed and began to relate stories about her visit to Oregon. She had thoroughly enjoyed the visit. She ate fresh food each day and the salads and fruits were much different from the ones she was used to eating in Nebraska. She felt healthy, went for walks and had a general sense of well being. She is now back and ready to face the future with regards to her illness. I told her that she has to be under the are of Dr A and she agreed. We talked a fair bit of time about her family and ways of maintain her good health. She agreed to make an appointment, and was very happy when I told her, even if the nephrologists are looking after you, I still would like to see you and talk to you. She went outside to fetch her sister.
Patient no 5
G
She looks like how Indians used to look like. Tall, smooth long black hair, thin . she smiled with caution on meeting me for the first time.
I broke the ice by telling her, let me tell you about my two brothers who live in Portland Oregon (Point 1). We talked about Oregon life, the food culture there and she is a naturalist in that tries to eat as pure a food as possible and keep well.
After we reached the plateau of comfort, she wanted to begin talking about the reason for her visit.
She has been infected with Hepatitis C virus, which was documented 17 years ago, eventhough she feels she has had it at least for twenty years. On enquiry why she may have or how she may have gotten the infection, the only connection I could make was to a blood transfusion in 1985 after the birth of her last child. But he is not Hep C positive, so I explained to her that she might have gotten the infection form transfusion but it would have spared her child and she remembers the transfusion being given after the birth of the child. Every year as part of a national study on Hepatitis C, she goes to an university and is checked over by a Gasteroenterologist, Infectious Disease specialist, Hepatologistm an Oncologist. Obviously she is under some national study, she said she has been on four different studies as part of the control to study the natural history of the virus.
What has triggered fear in her was a recent visit to the Hospital. The doctor who saw her, a first time encounter, on seeing the levels of the virus, RNA based measurement of type 1a virus, said that her levels were at 5.9 while the normal (?) levels were given as under 1.9. What she heard from the doctor ( I was later on told that the doctor did not say this) was that her liver was failing and that she needs immediate interferon therapy. Interferon therapy is a very aggressive form of treatment and people feel very sick on that. Her own son had received it and was sick for almost one year but benefited from it in that he is now virus free and part of the US Armed forces. She was referred to the Hepatologist but the health committee of the tribe denied her that recommendation since the doctors reviewing the results found that it was not necessary. The only information transmitted to her was that her referral has been denied, which she felt that would be insult to injury if she really needed treatment and consultation at the University Hospital.
I felt that what all she needed was an explanation of the well status of her infection. All of us are infected with many viruses and that alone does not make us sick or label us as being diseased. The history of hepatitis C virus is complex and the first good news is that she has had this infection for more than twenty years. We talked at length about the stories about patients who have received treatment with interferon. This is a society that fears taking risk and that believes that life is a risk free business. The best news I could give her was that her liver function tests were absolutely normal. If she is worried that her viral activity has increased one of the main organs affected would be the liver and as far as we can see the liver is functioning well. She seemed happy to hear that. I encouraged her to continue her good habits of eating well (in this isolated community that is a tall order) and find ways of finding calm in her life. She is very clued into the life of a new age person from the west and she with her family support should not find it too difficult to adjust back to the life in her reservation. She will be living with her sister and in fact, they could support each other emotionally. I don’t even want to go into the financial hell these people live under. The structural violence against them is beyond imganiation.
When I was in the Kalahari desert, I was at a remote area, near Tsumkwe, a town where a lot of the bushmen lived. I was surprised to see large bottles of Fanta and Sprite for sale at the petrol stand. Soon I realized the reason, I saw a group of young Americans, members of the peace corps assigned to the area. When we met, they proudly said, we are Americans, we are peace corps people, and what do you do?
I said, I am an Austrlalian, I do Peace Corps work in your country with the native people of your country. This reduction of the romance of their job to the Nebraska reservation did not set well with them. They soon said good bye and left. Romancing the Coca cola, I suppose.
Point 1
World view is the way we look at the things around us, finding comfort when there are intrusions into our daily lifes by other geographies, or people among other things.
When an Indian, who has never met me, looks at me, he might put me in his world according to his ideas or constructed ideas about people who like me or people who do work like me, doctors.
It is very important to place yourself in their world view, in their world that they can easily understand you.
When a new patient comes to see you, it is so important not to launch directly into the medical complaints or questions that brought them to you in the first place.
By finding common ground, if they have a familiar name, asking them whether they are related to your friends with the same name, or in this case, this lady has just arrived here from Portland, Oregon. It is a city where two of my brothers live and it is a city that I happen to like very much. She has some nostalgia about leaving the place of her residence of the past few years and she lit up when I told her that my brothers live there. That opened the conversation and it flowed very easy from then on.
It is also important, in immigrant countries like Australia and USA, not to begin the conversation with comments such as:
If you think they look oriental asian, don’t begin , Which part of Vietnam you come from
The most polite form is to ask: are you an American or are you an Australian? Then he might tell you which part of the world he or his parents came from and he wont feel that you are prejudging you.
I have met many Mexicans along the border who refuse to speak Spanish eventhough they cant speak English well either and who insisted that they are Americans and they know nothing about Mexico.
One day at restaurant Merida, a laid back fellow walked over to me and wanting to be friendly, asked are you from Guinea Bissau, when I answered an emphatic NO, he pursued, are you from Papua-New Guinea. So this guy obviously knows nothing about Guinea Bissau nor Papua New Guinea and I lost interest in a conversation with him.
It is very important not to create friction when meeting a new person for the first time, whether in the consulting rooms or at the airport check in lines. Most of our interactions are less than five minutes in duration in real life and why rub anything against the person in that short period. It is far easier to be pleasant in those five minutes or less.
Consultations on the Corridor
Patients 6 & 7
It is nice to be able to take your gaze away from laboratory tests and concentrate on the patient. When I saw JW at the hallway, I made a note of the fact that she looked rather puffy. This is also an advantage of coming regularly to the same place but you are not there all the time, so that the changes in the place: the bodies of the people among them is easily noted. It is as if the brain has the last image of the person stored and compared it with the new image and give you a comparison
She suffers from insomnia and it is worse when her thyroid hormone levels are not adequate. She is on a high dosage. The laboratory tests have been done, and the provider came to say: the thyroid is low and you need more.
My thoughts were, why? This is the difference between anthropologically oriented thinking and medically oriented thinking. The former asks WHY and the latter asks WHAT? Your thyroid levels are low, so it can be corrected with an addition of thyroid hormones you are already taking. The WHY question is , why is her thyroid hormone low. It was this kind of questioning that made me realize about three years ago, there is a connection between pesticides and the increasing prevalence of hypothyroidism in this country.
What could make this young lady’s thyroid function go down? Even in the best of times, there is only about 75 % absorption of the medications and there is a slew of things that would interfere with its absorption: Tums and Iron Tablets, both of which she is taking. It is better to take thyroid medication by itself in the morning , so that a better absorption is guaranteed. Also like many other minerals and trace elements, the American diet now lacks in iodide. We tell them don’t eat white bread and don’t put salt on your food, both good source of iodide and Americans don’t favour sea kelp and other sources of iodide.
She eats bread three times a week and does add salt to the food. We cannot yet point the finger of blame. I wonder we could propose this scenario. Does lack of sleep compound the problem of absorption? Making the stomach more acidic? Or the tension of not sleeping? There has to be a connection since her insominia disappears once she is adequately replaced.
In the busy atmosphere of the day, I forgot to go back and counsel her. I have to make sure I call her over the weekend at her home and talk to her.
In this small clinic, there are quite a few women who are hypothyroid. And in my opinion, autoimmunity perhaps reveals the proclivity, but certainly some chemical entering the body from outside and blocking the uptake of iodine or the manufacture of the thyroid homone is to blame.
A few years ago three womencolleagues were diagnosed as hypothyroid within a short period of time. That is when I began looking into the association with an ecological agent and hypothyroidism. While the thyroidologists agree that the prevalence is increasing, they are looking at the body for an answer, rather than outside. Plastics, pesticides, artificial food are the candidates.
One of those women, a few months complained about her hair falling off and a small adjustment of the dosage had corrected the problem. Today she comes to talk, take the necessary blood tests, the results of which would be discussed on my next visit.
She is only on about half the dosage necessary for her age, sex and weight. Over the years I have become friends with her, and I had the misfortune of telling her teenage daughter when she came in for a school physical that she has type 2 Diabetes . while she was at school and living at home, her management of her metabolic alterations were exemplary and once she got a scholarship and went on to the university where she is a senior student now, the behavior has nothing but disastrous.
The preparation of Indian children to face the wider world is not well understood. In these isolated parts of the country, they are comfortable when they are growing up eventhough facing racial insults and discrimination, but not a psychological ones. This young lady went to the metropolitan university and was surrounded by petite blond haired fair skinned ladies of higher economic milieu, and suddenly she subconsciously adopted their modes. She wanted to be slim, lithe like them and nothing would stand in her way. She wanted to be different and she was out to prove it. Tattoes and a miscarriage and loss communication with her family and her tribe followed. What aspects of being suffered? In this mental dilemma about her cultural identity and body identity, she completely forgot to look after her diabetes. Once she was a paragon of diabetes care, when she was one of the best cared for students out of the five who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at her school (now the number is even larger), but at the university, she ate to her hearts delight to imitate her friends, kept long hours and drank. As a result, her blood sugar has never stayed anywhere near the normal levels for the past three to four years.
The mother tries what is good for her daughter, but the daughter does not listen. She takes all sorts of approaches all are met with a hard wall of refusal. Finally she tells her, when your feet are cut off, don’t come back here to this house, I will put you on a wheel chair and send you out, when you are blind, I am not going to say to you, oh my baby , come back to mother I will look after you, I will send you back out there.
Full of tattoes, piered skin, she wants to study law. How can she go back into the society which she subtly rejected by taking on this personality and identity? It is a great worry for her mother and usually our consultation period is spent on talking about her daughter. Always she leaves happier than when she arrived. She is not a patient of mine, she is afriend and I happen to be an Endocrinologist with some knowledge of the thyroid diseases.
Patient no 8
I always look forward to his coming to the clinic, very positive attitude and takes your word very seriously. He had an accident at work and was sent to neurologist and rheumatologist in Sioux city. The neurologist at first said he needed a rheumatological consultaition and the rheumatologist thought an injection into the knees would be of help. At that time, TT, took out my card and gave it to him, please send all your reports to my doctor. All of a sudden the rheumatologist realized that this is not just an Indian with workers compensation but there is an organization behind him. Believe it or not, the rheumatologist changed his mind, and sent him back to the neurologist who now proceeds to diagnose the condition as diabetic neuropathy. And suggests high dosages of steroid therapy intramuscularly which he gave six times during a period of two months on various visits. You knew you would get neuropathy, since you have had diabetes for twenty years and you should have looked after the diabetes, admonished the neurologist with a latin sounding name. just because you are from another culture it does not automatically make you culturally sensitive. Greed and avarice are the prime motivator here and not the welfare of the patient. In towns like Sioux City, and Yankton where there are more plastic surgeons and orthopedic surgeons than family practitioners, this mentality of wild west medicine exists, since there are no checks and balances if they were close to a medical centre or under the gaze of doctors associated with teaching and keeping up with the literature. (medical that is, you cant expect most of the doctors to keep up with the literature of the English language). TT was good at taking are of his diabetes, his A1C was acceptable and the blood sugars were well controlled and he was not on insulin.
The next month after his first injections, his blood sugars began climbing up, first into the two hundreds and then three hundreds and after the second series of steroid injections, they went up to the five hundreds. He was not told that this might happen and on his first visit, the neurosurgeon had whispered to his nurse, please make sure that I have their medical histories the next time, since on his first visit he was not aware that the patient had diabetes, making the referral to his friend the rheumatologist who works within the same organization in tax free south Dakota, on the border to the town of Sioux city.
It took a full two months of checking the blood sugar four times a day and taking 10 units of regular insulin for the blood sugars to begin to come down. Even now it is in the high two hundreds and I told him that as the steroids begin to wash away, his blood sugar will come back to the old levels. I did notice that the intramuscular injections were rather high in steroid content. M kept in touch with him and he dutifully calls on the phone and comes regularly to the appointments. I want to show him that with diligent care, by taking blood sugar readings four times a day and acting upon it, his blood sugars will come down and that hopefully no permanent damage would be done to his body.
He is builder by trade and somehow or other the conversation came around to the house I own within the reservation limits. He came over one weekend during my visit few months ago and took a good look at it and recommended several things. I wouldn’t mind keeping the house, which now houses all my books collected in this hemisphere and the parapharnelia of travels. He and his friends would donate their time to repair the house and all I have to do would be to get the material and pay for the transportation. I have gladly agreed to that.
The last patient of the day, I did not recognize her by name. As I entered, even her face was not that familiar even though I have seen her around. Finally finding a way to place ourselves in each others world, I realized that one of my patients ( the lady with the thyroid problem) had sent her mother to see me. And the place I had seen her would have been in the corridors of the clinic at the Winnebago Indian reservation.
She lamented about the fact that she used to have good skin, and took good care of herself and her good looks, now the physiotherapist advised to wear comfortable but unfemininie shoes, despite the use of creams her skin is dry. The introduction to our consultation was much more cosmetological, the place where she gets here nails done. She had been feeling lethargic and devoid of energy, and at the request of her daughter had come to the clinic to discuss whether or not she had problems with her thyroid gland. She receives all her care at the Winnebago clinic and since I was going there the next week, and it is easier to order thyroid function tests there, I told her that we would continue our consultation there and I would order the thyroid function tests. She had some symptoms of hypothyroidism, but some crucial elements were missing. I will see her next Monday.
When I finished with her, I noticed the clinic had emptied and when I returned to the doctors area, the lonely podiatrist was packing up.it was a Friday evening and the beginning of a nice long weekend of rest for me. Very rarely I spend a weekend here in these parts but when I do it is full of rest and relaxation and an opportunity to write.
Todays clinic is what a clinic should be for me. Socio cultural and psychological consultation mixed in with the endocrinological aspects which does not take primary role. Good working relationship with my colleagues who make my consultaion with the patient easy and facilitative. Lunch with colleagues to take time off and talk about other things.
When I was a child, I used to read poems of Omar Qayyam of Nishanapur, a mystic Persian poet. He had lamented about the rotating doors of the consultation rooms of the doctors and the despondent patient returning to the tavern after their consultations. This was in the 12th century. That stuck in my mind long before even I had decided to study medicine.
Pablo Neruda, that Chilean Bard, the greatest poet of the 20th century had written a poem which I read when I was a student of medicine ..I forget in which country it was that I read him first, Australia , England or America..
Here it is:
How much does a man live, after all?
Does he live a thousand days, or one only?
For a week, or for several cernturies?
How long does a man spend dying?
What does it mean to say “forever”?
Lost in this preoccupation
Iset myself to clear things up.
I sought out knowledgeable priests,
I waited for them after their rituals,
I watched them when they went their ways
To visit God and the Devil.
They wearied of my questions.
They on their part knew very little.
They were no more than administrators.
Medical Men received me
In between consultations,
A scalpel in eachhand,
Saturated in aueroycin,
Busier each day.
As far as I could tell from their talk,
The problem was as follows:
It was not so much the death of a microbe-
They went down by the ton,
But the few which survived
Showed signs of perversity.
They left me so startled
That I sought out the grave-diggers.
I went to the rivers where they burn
Enormous painted corpses,
Tiny bony bodies,
Emperors with an aura
Of terrible curses,
Women snuffed out at a stroke
By a wave of cholera.
Thre were whole beaches of dead
And ashy specialists.
When I got the chance
I asked them a slew of questions.
They offered to burn me.
It was all they knew.
In my own country the dead
Answered me, between drinks:
“get yourself a good woman
And give up this nonsense.”
I never saw people so happy.
Raising their glasses they sang
Toasting health and death
They were huge fornicators.
I returned home, much older
After crossing the world.
Now I ask questions of nobody.
But I know less every day.
Barely thirty, JWE, now sits in front of you, a wasted life, his limbs a metaphor for that waste. Bites from bed bugs all over. He requests calamine lotion.
R foot disabled by Charcot. Painful to move, dislocation of the bones of the ankle joint I suppose.
I was determined that he is seen regularly by us. The Podiatry Nurse had picked him at his home and bought him over to the clinic ( Point 1).
Basing our concern on the friendship we have with this nice man, sit and chat with him.
He produces two prescriptions from a cardiologist from City: Atenelol ER 25 mg , one half to be taken each day.
The Diabetes educator tried to break the tiny tablet into two, was unable to ( Pont 2). The Pharmacy agreed to break the tablets into two for this young man suffering with neuropathy and general muscular weakness.
The Podiatrist attends to his feet, he needs operative correction and she makes the necessary arrangements for them to be done at Sioux City.
I ask him for his telephone number, I have two cellular phones, he says proudly, I shall call you on both phones at the same time to remind you to come and see us next month.
He has been prescribed 35 units of NPH (a longer acting Insulin ) in the morning and in the evening and 20 units of Humalog (a quick acting insulin) before Lunch and dinner. Whoever prescribed that did not have any idea of his eating habits.
He, likes many Indians has hardly any breakfast, so the Insulin in the morning makes him feel weak by mid morning, he has to grab whatever he has, usually something undesirable, to make him feel better. Lunch is a small affair and if he takes the Humalog he feels drowsy all afternoon. The evening meal is a substantial one and he takes his insulin before dinner and the fast acting one after dinner. Occasionally he wakes up feeling weak .
Cut down on his Insulin in the morning, Omit the pre lunch Insulin if he is having a small lunch and ask him to take his Insulin before dinner.
A commonly made error is the incongruity between Insulin dosage and the requirements of the individual body, in this case a man who does not eat breakfast or very little at lunch.
Bug Bites may not be a medical emergency but it is a social one. Calamine lotion is not the treatment for the situation, first soap to clean the skin , and look into the housing situation, where does he sleep, how can we find out the status of the bedding he sleeps on, how can we help. (Point 3)
Point 1
Just because the Nurse thought of picking him up, he was able to have his foot cared for. There are people out there whom we can help. But how can we help if they don’t have access to us?
Point 2
How many of us know the shapes and colours of the prescription medications we write for and ask patients to do superhuman feats that we ourselves cannot do. Just because he is a patient it does not mean he does not have any human rights.
This first patient of the day, was an example of Human Rights Violation at the level of Health and at the same time an example how social care can augment the outcome of a poor patient.
Point 3
Knowing fully the personal habits and hygiene of the place of residence is extremely important. As carers of human beings, we must make sure that we are not adding to the already present social structural violence in their lives.
Patient 2
Age 43
Type 2 Diabetes since age 35.
Why do you think you got Diabetes?
It cannot be hereditary, since my mother who is in her late sixties was just diagnosed with diabetes and I have had diabetes now for eight years.
I am convinced that it is the food that made me diabetic. (Point 1). I was eating everything and anything and paid no attention at all to the quality of food.
Now going on for eight years with Type 2 Diabetes, controlled with one oral hypoglycemia agent.. Eventhough he works in the clinic area, he has not been seen by any provider for more than one year. His A1C is 7.0.
Doctors tend to forget that patients also have their view of the world and explanations of why they get ill. It is one of the fundamental themes of cross cultural medicine, that patients from various cultures, even from the same country, such as USA, have different explanations on why they get sick. If you are unwilling to accept and negotiate through the model (called Explanatory Model in Anthropology), you would become less effective, you are not out there to demonstrate your pathophysiological knowledge, you are out there to take care of the patient and relieve him of his illness and suffering. You are not at war with your patient, and don’t try to assert your superiority ( a complex) by insisting that only your explanatory model, the western medical model based on body as a machine metaphor). If the patient believes that his hyperglycemia was caused by food he was eating, and you don’t believe him; and you make that clear in your action or words or facial expressioins, he also has very little interest in believeing your pathophysiological explanations of insulin resistance or insulin secretion. We are not here to prove who is right and who is wrong, but try to find way s communicating with the person sitting in front of you and alleviate his symptoms Curers, which of most of the health care providers are, want certainty; healers want relief of suffering. This is not about doctor patient relationship, that is very much dependent upon the personality of the provider. As my UmonHon teacher once told me: you cannot make a good doctor out of a bad person.
Patient No 3
If you work with Indians long enough, you begin to understand the importance of symbolism in their lives. As one Lakota Elder remarked: we live in a world of symboiism, we only need a hint to understand.
One such thing happened to me today.
As I was leaving the Blue House ( the house where I stay when I come to work with the Indians), a whiff of air made a photo tumble down from its position in the shelf. I looked at the photo. I t was a photo of Marcia
C an assistant to D(director of Diabetes Programme) had called this patient at home. (point 1) to remind her of the appointment with me. She said, I clear forgot, I thought it was for next Friday. Eagerly she was at the office within fifteen minutes.
My sugar is up today, and she would give an explanation. ( remember to believe in their explanation, and not arrogantly deny saying, one piece of cake wont make the sugar go up by 100 points). But it has been coming down.
Her blood sugars have been acceptably normal in the range of 150 post prandially and with a a1C of 7.5. that was early last year.
Her closest friend of twenty five years died in March of last year. We have been friends for a long time, she said, I could see how she struggled to complete her nursing degree while she was still in an abusive relationship. Her son was a toddler then, thank God her father stepped in and helped her and she could finish her studies and become a nurse. We would sit around and talk about things, she was the only person that I could open up and tell everything.
Patient came to the clinic in June 2007. Her Blood sugars have been running high, and A1C was elevated. This time it was close to 9.5 (point 2). The provider looks at the numbers and increases her insulin and tells her to come back in two months time.
Everytime someone mentioned her name, my eyes will well up, my patient continued. I was crying and feeling very sad. I was not depressed but I needed an explanation.
She returned to the clinic in august of 2007, the response of the provider was to increase the insulin once again. She did not wish to follow the advice, as she had recently begun to see the mental health counselor and was seeing a ray of hope in the world of her sorrow.
On her next visit and the subsequent ones, the blood sugar had come down, the A1C showing a congruous decrease.
How are your sessions with the counselor? She is a good friend of mine, and a very traditional woman.
She has really helped me. She talks to me about understanding this loss and I feel that when the ceremony for the anniversary of death comes around I would no longer be sad at the mention of her name. but I will never forget her and I will always remember her, my dear friend.
I began relating to her sadness. When Ruggles Stahn, an excellent colleague and a kind man, died in a plane crash in Minot North Dakota during one of his trips to the various tribes, tears would well up in my eyes each time I heard his name. A Indian Elder told me, take his favourite food, go to a secluded area, preferably under a tree and call to him and speak to him, tell him that it is time for him to go, on his journey and leave you alone. Tell him that he will always be in your heart and that he is in a better position after his journey to be of help to you and look after you than where he is now. I prayed for him and miraculously enough, despite the fact that my love and admiration for him never decreased, the welling up of eyes did go away, go away it did very quickly.
I then invoked a Colombian writer, a favourite of mine, Alvaro Mutis, who once wrote: when someone dies, until all the person who knew and remember that person, he or she remains alive in our hearts. It is only after all of us have died that the person finally dies.
The mental health counselor helped me accept her physical loss. I am very grateful to her. I also thanked the counselor in my heart.
Looking at the blood sugar and A1C in a chronological fashion, one thing is very obvious. Her blood sugars were acceptable before the death of her friend, it went up and went up, and once she began counseling with the Mental Health Counsellor, it began to come down and I am confident that once that ceremony is over, her blood sugar will return to its previous self.
I always try to bring in the spiritual aspects of life to the encounter. There is no need for proseletyzing since an average Indian patient is on a much higher plane of spiritual awareness than an average person that I encounter on my visits to the United States. I was delighted to hear that she attends the Native American Church regularly, and that her husband is a Roadman for the Church. I was happy as I had just watched a documentary about Huichol Indians and their Peyote collection rituals. (at the Museum of Antrhopology in Mexico City).
I an Endocrinologist trained in the purest of the western tradition (London, Melbourne, Washington University and University of Miami in the USA), firmly believe that it is the counseling by the Mental Health Professional that has brought her relief: not only emotionally but physically as well.
And do you know the name of her of friend she so much mourns about?
Marcia
Point 1
Our clinic is not run along the models of a fee for service medical service clinic found in the non Indian world. Giving a patient an appointment slip or sending a letter has very little value in our world view. What I learned from long years of working with M is as follows: You can tell a patient that you would like to see them, in one month or two months and if possible even give a date.
The week before or on Monday or Tuesday of the week if the clinic is to be held on a Friday, someone has to call and remind the patient that she or he has an appointment on Friday. That is still not enough. This patient came to the clinic, because Crista called her and reminded her of the forgotten appointment.
I would have missed a great spiritual experience if she had not come to the clinic.
Point 2
Fifteen years ago, Dr Mohammed A, asked me what is the necessity of having a psychologist on the Diabetes programme? We can take care of their diabetes, we have medications and why do we need a psychologist? They are not crazy.
Unfortunately, fifteen years later that kind of thinking still persist. Working with the UmonHon Indians, it has afforded me a chance to practice medicine as it was practiced among them before the European came and we can practice healing like everyone in the world deserves but don’t have access to.
We have access to their world but we don’t utilize it. They come to see us and we see only the paper and the number before us.
Whenever there is a sudden change in the measurements: whatever it is, weight, TSH levels, A1C levels, remember, the usual cause is emotional upset in their lives. Instead of just reaching out for the prescription pad and writing more of the same medications, just enquire a little bit about their lives, and try to find out from their social and cultural life what has changed.
And respect it and offer help if you can. Some of you may think that I have I am doing injustice to the patient not to increase Insulin or other medications when on paper or on algorithms one must increase it, I am sorry, I never increase any medications for patients under my care unless I speak to them of their emotional, family and social and many cases spiritual life.
I am allotted 30 minutes with each patient and it is sufficient to touch all the subjects to gain a good understanding.
To imitate Eugene Delacroix, it is the relief of grief and suffering you rendered that people remember you by.
Lunch at Azteca Bar and Grill in W village. The outside temperature was hovering around 30 degrees F.
Let us go to W village to eat but we have to be back by 1 pm, said M. Sorry there is not enough time to go elsewhere to eat, apologizing knowing my propensity for edible food.
Three of us colleagues, D and M and I got into the car and we were at the restaurant in W villatge. It is a metaphor for the mixture that is this country in that in the middle of the state of upper plains, in a town where majority of the people are native Americans, there is a Mexican restaurant! Also tells us about the future demographics of this country.
The Burritos are oversized, like a Mexican migrant to the united states, perhaps an allegory. It was tasty enough. It was prepared by Esperanza, I went to the kitchen and said hello to her. I was told of her by the a nurse working at another Indian clinic.
It is a nice time to be together, eating together with people you work with. I don’t have time nor occasion to socialize with them as they live about 30 miles away from the clinic and when I am here I stay very close to the clinic.
Patient no 4
During the lunch time, I was told that a patient is bringing her sister to see me, even though there was no medical indication for that visit. M said, she was a little angry when she left the clinic the other day, so you can calm her down.
More about the sister later on, first about the patient.
I have known this patient and her family from the very beginning of my visits to the UmonHon country. It is obvious that her family has a genetic proclivity for metabolic diseases in that most of the members of the family have diabetes, young and old and even the eight year old grand daughter has Acanthosis Nigricans.
She had come to see in October last year. She had just been to see the Nephrologist and received what she termed, the “death sentence”. The nephrologist authoritatively told her, your kidneys are only functioning at 10 per cent of its capacity and soon you would need dialiysis.
She had somewhat expecting the news but the brutishness with which the news was delivered unnerved her. She realized that she needed the services of the doctor, and would soon become dependent upon him for continued life, and the thought depressed her. She also has a sister in a similar stage of advanced kidney disease.
She wanted to know, in October last year, what I thought of her proposed trip to Oregon. She has been invited by a friend to spend a month or so with her in the Oregon countryside. She cherished the thought of being able to go once again to the land of mountain and river and waters. I saw the pleasure of anticipation in her face and said to her, that I fully support her visit to her friend and made sure that she had enough of the medications she needed. Even at that time I noticed that she had left the nephrologists office very little medications, not like many others at her stage of disease with multitudes of medications.
She spent two months with her friend and also with her other sister who was living there in Portland, Oregon. Each day they ate fresh food, conscious of the additives in food and try to eat less meat and more fruits and vegetables. They kept each other company and she had a delightful time and returned only a few days before this visit to see me in the clinic.
She definitely needs to be under the care of a nephrologist. We are fortunate enough to have a nephrologist on our staff, Dr A. So first it was to make sure that she will make an appointment to see him and follow his advice regarding ways to keep dialysis at bay.
She had been concerned about her blood pressure, but it was an acceptable 130/58. She was very happy to hear about that. She felt relaxed and began to relate stories about her visit to Oregon. She had thoroughly enjoyed the visit. She ate fresh food each day and the salads and fruits were much different from the ones she was used to eating in Nebraska. She felt healthy, went for walks and had a general sense of well being. She is now back and ready to face the future with regards to her illness. I told her that she has to be under the are of Dr A and she agreed. We talked a fair bit of time about her family and ways of maintain her good health. She agreed to make an appointment, and was very happy when I told her, even if the nephrologists are looking after you, I still would like to see you and talk to you. She went outside to fetch her sister.
Patient no 5
G
She looks like how Indians used to look like. Tall, smooth long black hair, thin . she smiled with caution on meeting me for the first time.
I broke the ice by telling her, let me tell you about my two brothers who live in Portland Oregon (Point 1). We talked about Oregon life, the food culture there and she is a naturalist in that tries to eat as pure a food as possible and keep well.
After we reached the plateau of comfort, she wanted to begin talking about the reason for her visit.
She has been infected with Hepatitis C virus, which was documented 17 years ago, eventhough she feels she has had it at least for twenty years. On enquiry why she may have or how she may have gotten the infection, the only connection I could make was to a blood transfusion in 1985 after the birth of her last child. But he is not Hep C positive, so I explained to her that she might have gotten the infection form transfusion but it would have spared her child and she remembers the transfusion being given after the birth of the child. Every year as part of a national study on Hepatitis C, she goes to an university and is checked over by a Gasteroenterologist, Infectious Disease specialist, Hepatologistm an Oncologist. Obviously she is under some national study, she said she has been on four different studies as part of the control to study the natural history of the virus.
What has triggered fear in her was a recent visit to the Hospital. The doctor who saw her, a first time encounter, on seeing the levels of the virus, RNA based measurement of type 1a virus, said that her levels were at 5.9 while the normal (?) levels were given as under 1.9. What she heard from the doctor ( I was later on told that the doctor did not say this) was that her liver was failing and that she needs immediate interferon therapy. Interferon therapy is a very aggressive form of treatment and people feel very sick on that. Her own son had received it and was sick for almost one year but benefited from it in that he is now virus free and part of the US Armed forces. She was referred to the Hepatologist but the health committee of the tribe denied her that recommendation since the doctors reviewing the results found that it was not necessary. The only information transmitted to her was that her referral has been denied, which she felt that would be insult to injury if she really needed treatment and consultation at the University Hospital.
I felt that what all she needed was an explanation of the well status of her infection. All of us are infected with many viruses and that alone does not make us sick or label us as being diseased. The history of hepatitis C virus is complex and the first good news is that she has had this infection for more than twenty years. We talked at length about the stories about patients who have received treatment with interferon. This is a society that fears taking risk and that believes that life is a risk free business. The best news I could give her was that her liver function tests were absolutely normal. If she is worried that her viral activity has increased one of the main organs affected would be the liver and as far as we can see the liver is functioning well. She seemed happy to hear that. I encouraged her to continue her good habits of eating well (in this isolated community that is a tall order) and find ways of finding calm in her life. She is very clued into the life of a new age person from the west and she with her family support should not find it too difficult to adjust back to the life in her reservation. She will be living with her sister and in fact, they could support each other emotionally. I don’t even want to go into the financial hell these people live under. The structural violence against them is beyond imganiation.
When I was in the Kalahari desert, I was at a remote area, near Tsumkwe, a town where a lot of the bushmen lived. I was surprised to see large bottles of Fanta and Sprite for sale at the petrol stand. Soon I realized the reason, I saw a group of young Americans, members of the peace corps assigned to the area. When we met, they proudly said, we are Americans, we are peace corps people, and what do you do?
I said, I am an Austrlalian, I do Peace Corps work in your country with the native people of your country. This reduction of the romance of their job to the Nebraska reservation did not set well with them. They soon said good bye and left. Romancing the Coca cola, I suppose.
Point 1
World view is the way we look at the things around us, finding comfort when there are intrusions into our daily lifes by other geographies, or people among other things.
When an Indian, who has never met me, looks at me, he might put me in his world according to his ideas or constructed ideas about people who like me or people who do work like me, doctors.
It is very important to place yourself in their world view, in their world that they can easily understand you.
When a new patient comes to see you, it is so important not to launch directly into the medical complaints or questions that brought them to you in the first place.
By finding common ground, if they have a familiar name, asking them whether they are related to your friends with the same name, or in this case, this lady has just arrived here from Portland, Oregon. It is a city where two of my brothers live and it is a city that I happen to like very much. She has some nostalgia about leaving the place of her residence of the past few years and she lit up when I told her that my brothers live there. That opened the conversation and it flowed very easy from then on.
It is also important, in immigrant countries like Australia and USA, not to begin the conversation with comments such as:
If you think they look oriental asian, don’t begin , Which part of Vietnam you come from
The most polite form is to ask: are you an American or are you an Australian? Then he might tell you which part of the world he or his parents came from and he wont feel that you are prejudging you.
I have met many Mexicans along the border who refuse to speak Spanish eventhough they cant speak English well either and who insisted that they are Americans and they know nothing about Mexico.
One day at restaurant Merida, a laid back fellow walked over to me and wanting to be friendly, asked are you from Guinea Bissau, when I answered an emphatic NO, he pursued, are you from Papua-New Guinea. So this guy obviously knows nothing about Guinea Bissau nor Papua New Guinea and I lost interest in a conversation with him.
It is very important not to create friction when meeting a new person for the first time, whether in the consulting rooms or at the airport check in lines. Most of our interactions are less than five minutes in duration in real life and why rub anything against the person in that short period. It is far easier to be pleasant in those five minutes or less.
Consultations on the Corridor
Patients 6 & 7
It is nice to be able to take your gaze away from laboratory tests and concentrate on the patient. When I saw JW at the hallway, I made a note of the fact that she looked rather puffy. This is also an advantage of coming regularly to the same place but you are not there all the time, so that the changes in the place: the bodies of the people among them is easily noted. It is as if the brain has the last image of the person stored and compared it with the new image and give you a comparison
She suffers from insomnia and it is worse when her thyroid hormone levels are not adequate. She is on a high dosage. The laboratory tests have been done, and the provider came to say: the thyroid is low and you need more.
My thoughts were, why? This is the difference between anthropologically oriented thinking and medically oriented thinking. The former asks WHY and the latter asks WHAT? Your thyroid levels are low, so it can be corrected with an addition of thyroid hormones you are already taking. The WHY question is , why is her thyroid hormone low. It was this kind of questioning that made me realize about three years ago, there is a connection between pesticides and the increasing prevalence of hypothyroidism in this country.
What could make this young lady’s thyroid function go down? Even in the best of times, there is only about 75 % absorption of the medications and there is a slew of things that would interfere with its absorption: Tums and Iron Tablets, both of which she is taking. It is better to take thyroid medication by itself in the morning , so that a better absorption is guaranteed. Also like many other minerals and trace elements, the American diet now lacks in iodide. We tell them don’t eat white bread and don’t put salt on your food, both good source of iodide and Americans don’t favour sea kelp and other sources of iodide.
She eats bread three times a week and does add salt to the food. We cannot yet point the finger of blame. I wonder we could propose this scenario. Does lack of sleep compound the problem of absorption? Making the stomach more acidic? Or the tension of not sleeping? There has to be a connection since her insominia disappears once she is adequately replaced.
In the busy atmosphere of the day, I forgot to go back and counsel her. I have to make sure I call her over the weekend at her home and talk to her.
In this small clinic, there are quite a few women who are hypothyroid. And in my opinion, autoimmunity perhaps reveals the proclivity, but certainly some chemical entering the body from outside and blocking the uptake of iodine or the manufacture of the thyroid homone is to blame.
A few years ago three womencolleagues were diagnosed as hypothyroid within a short period of time. That is when I began looking into the association with an ecological agent and hypothyroidism. While the thyroidologists agree that the prevalence is increasing, they are looking at the body for an answer, rather than outside. Plastics, pesticides, artificial food are the candidates.
One of those women, a few months complained about her hair falling off and a small adjustment of the dosage had corrected the problem. Today she comes to talk, take the necessary blood tests, the results of which would be discussed on my next visit.
She is only on about half the dosage necessary for her age, sex and weight. Over the years I have become friends with her, and I had the misfortune of telling her teenage daughter when she came in for a school physical that she has type 2 Diabetes . while she was at school and living at home, her management of her metabolic alterations were exemplary and once she got a scholarship and went on to the university where she is a senior student now, the behavior has nothing but disastrous.
The preparation of Indian children to face the wider world is not well understood. In these isolated parts of the country, they are comfortable when they are growing up eventhough facing racial insults and discrimination, but not a psychological ones. This young lady went to the metropolitan university and was surrounded by petite blond haired fair skinned ladies of higher economic milieu, and suddenly she subconsciously adopted their modes. She wanted to be slim, lithe like them and nothing would stand in her way. She wanted to be different and she was out to prove it. Tattoes and a miscarriage and loss communication with her family and her tribe followed. What aspects of being suffered? In this mental dilemma about her cultural identity and body identity, she completely forgot to look after her diabetes. Once she was a paragon of diabetes care, when she was one of the best cared for students out of the five who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at her school (now the number is even larger), but at the university, she ate to her hearts delight to imitate her friends, kept long hours and drank. As a result, her blood sugar has never stayed anywhere near the normal levels for the past three to four years.
The mother tries what is good for her daughter, but the daughter does not listen. She takes all sorts of approaches all are met with a hard wall of refusal. Finally she tells her, when your feet are cut off, don’t come back here to this house, I will put you on a wheel chair and send you out, when you are blind, I am not going to say to you, oh my baby , come back to mother I will look after you, I will send you back out there.
Full of tattoes, piered skin, she wants to study law. How can she go back into the society which she subtly rejected by taking on this personality and identity? It is a great worry for her mother and usually our consultation period is spent on talking about her daughter. Always she leaves happier than when she arrived. She is not a patient of mine, she is afriend and I happen to be an Endocrinologist with some knowledge of the thyroid diseases.
Patient no 8
I always look forward to his coming to the clinic, very positive attitude and takes your word very seriously. He had an accident at work and was sent to neurologist and rheumatologist in Sioux city. The neurologist at first said he needed a rheumatological consultaition and the rheumatologist thought an injection into the knees would be of help. At that time, TT, took out my card and gave it to him, please send all your reports to my doctor. All of a sudden the rheumatologist realized that this is not just an Indian with workers compensation but there is an organization behind him. Believe it or not, the rheumatologist changed his mind, and sent him back to the neurologist who now proceeds to diagnose the condition as diabetic neuropathy. And suggests high dosages of steroid therapy intramuscularly which he gave six times during a period of two months on various visits. You knew you would get neuropathy, since you have had diabetes for twenty years and you should have looked after the diabetes, admonished the neurologist with a latin sounding name. just because you are from another culture it does not automatically make you culturally sensitive. Greed and avarice are the prime motivator here and not the welfare of the patient. In towns like Sioux City, and Yankton where there are more plastic surgeons and orthopedic surgeons than family practitioners, this mentality of wild west medicine exists, since there are no checks and balances if they were close to a medical centre or under the gaze of doctors associated with teaching and keeping up with the literature. (medical that is, you cant expect most of the doctors to keep up with the literature of the English language). TT was good at taking are of his diabetes, his A1C was acceptable and the blood sugars were well controlled and he was not on insulin.
The next month after his first injections, his blood sugars began climbing up, first into the two hundreds and then three hundreds and after the second series of steroid injections, they went up to the five hundreds. He was not told that this might happen and on his first visit, the neurosurgeon had whispered to his nurse, please make sure that I have their medical histories the next time, since on his first visit he was not aware that the patient had diabetes, making the referral to his friend the rheumatologist who works within the same organization in tax free south Dakota, on the border to the town of Sioux city.
It took a full two months of checking the blood sugar four times a day and taking 10 units of regular insulin for the blood sugars to begin to come down. Even now it is in the high two hundreds and I told him that as the steroids begin to wash away, his blood sugar will come back to the old levels. I did notice that the intramuscular injections were rather high in steroid content. M kept in touch with him and he dutifully calls on the phone and comes regularly to the appointments. I want to show him that with diligent care, by taking blood sugar readings four times a day and acting upon it, his blood sugars will come down and that hopefully no permanent damage would be done to his body.
He is builder by trade and somehow or other the conversation came around to the house I own within the reservation limits. He came over one weekend during my visit few months ago and took a good look at it and recommended several things. I wouldn’t mind keeping the house, which now houses all my books collected in this hemisphere and the parapharnelia of travels. He and his friends would donate their time to repair the house and all I have to do would be to get the material and pay for the transportation. I have gladly agreed to that.
The last patient of the day, I did not recognize her by name. As I entered, even her face was not that familiar even though I have seen her around. Finally finding a way to place ourselves in each others world, I realized that one of my patients ( the lady with the thyroid problem) had sent her mother to see me. And the place I had seen her would have been in the corridors of the clinic at the Winnebago Indian reservation.
She lamented about the fact that she used to have good skin, and took good care of herself and her good looks, now the physiotherapist advised to wear comfortable but unfemininie shoes, despite the use of creams her skin is dry. The introduction to our consultation was much more cosmetological, the place where she gets here nails done. She had been feeling lethargic and devoid of energy, and at the request of her daughter had come to the clinic to discuss whether or not she had problems with her thyroid gland. She receives all her care at the Winnebago clinic and since I was going there the next week, and it is easier to order thyroid function tests there, I told her that we would continue our consultation there and I would order the thyroid function tests. She had some symptoms of hypothyroidism, but some crucial elements were missing. I will see her next Monday.
When I finished with her, I noticed the clinic had emptied and when I returned to the doctors area, the lonely podiatrist was packing up.it was a Friday evening and the beginning of a nice long weekend of rest for me. Very rarely I spend a weekend here in these parts but when I do it is full of rest and relaxation and an opportunity to write.
Todays clinic is what a clinic should be for me. Socio cultural and psychological consultation mixed in with the endocrinological aspects which does not take primary role. Good working relationship with my colleagues who make my consultaion with the patient easy and facilitative. Lunch with colleagues to take time off and talk about other things.
When I was a child, I used to read poems of Omar Qayyam of Nishanapur, a mystic Persian poet. He had lamented about the rotating doors of the consultation rooms of the doctors and the despondent patient returning to the tavern after their consultations. This was in the 12th century. That stuck in my mind long before even I had decided to study medicine.
Pablo Neruda, that Chilean Bard, the greatest poet of the 20th century had written a poem which I read when I was a student of medicine ..I forget in which country it was that I read him first, Australia , England or America..
Here it is:
How much does a man live, after all?
Does he live a thousand days, or one only?
For a week, or for several cernturies?
How long does a man spend dying?
What does it mean to say “forever”?
Lost in this preoccupation
Iset myself to clear things up.
I sought out knowledgeable priests,
I waited for them after their rituals,
I watched them when they went their ways
To visit God and the Devil.
They wearied of my questions.
They on their part knew very little.
They were no more than administrators.
Medical Men received me
In between consultations,
A scalpel in eachhand,
Saturated in aueroycin,
Busier each day.
As far as I could tell from their talk,
The problem was as follows:
It was not so much the death of a microbe-
They went down by the ton,
But the few which survived
Showed signs of perversity.
They left me so startled
That I sought out the grave-diggers.
I went to the rivers where they burn
Enormous painted corpses,
Tiny bony bodies,
Emperors with an aura
Of terrible curses,
Women snuffed out at a stroke
By a wave of cholera.
Thre were whole beaches of dead
And ashy specialists.
When I got the chance
I asked them a slew of questions.
They offered to burn me.
It was all they knew.
In my own country the dead
Answered me, between drinks:
“get yourself a good woman
And give up this nonsense.”
I never saw people so happy.
Raising their glasses they sang
Toasting health and death
They were huge fornicators.
I returned home, much older
After crossing the world.
Now I ask questions of nobody.
But I know less every day.
Dear Friends,
It is not very often that you receive an email from NEGARA BRUNEI DARULSALAAM, the place of Peace, a small country situated in BORNEO, right on the Equator… ruled by Sultan Sir Hossanul Bolkiah, an absolute monarchy, in one of the oldest monarchies in the world. There are only two official sultanates in this world. (If you want a clue, I have been to the other sultanate, and my dear friends would like to include the Sultanate of Baracoa but it does not count for this purpose). There are other sultans with titles with no power, such as the Sultan of Ternate, Sultan of Johor etc but Sultan Sir Hossanul Bolkiah rules this small sliver of a country, possibly the most prosperous one in Asia, like the other sultan Qaboos, is blessed with oil deposits. All signs are in Arabic and English, even though neither are the official languages, Malay is, as Moslem is the official religion of this country. 90 per cent of the population is supposed to be Moslem, alas, the poor Chinese. This is a rich country, better stated, this is a country inhabited by rich people, and as long as you are a Moslem everything is free: houses, car, education, scholarships and free veils are thrown in I am sure, since all the girls and women are covered top to bottom.
The night has fallen. The Air Asia Airbus 320 took slightly over 2 hours to reach Brunei Airport from Kuala Lumpur, a short flight to cover this distance of time and memories.
What is this sultan of Baracoa doing in Brunei?
Can’t be the food.
Can’t be the scenery.
Certainly it can’t be the intellectual standards of the locals.
My heart feels a little heavy.
When I was a child, this is where my parents used to live, in a village called Kuala Belait, which I shall visit tomorrow.
A time of innocence, when each flower in bloom had an open message, a world without cynicism, long afternoons soaked with its humid air from the river that flew swiftly into the equatorial sea... The South China Sea
That period spent with my parents, incidentally the only period in my life that I spent time with both my parents, taught me a lesson.
Wherever in the world you go, do not lose that innocence
Leave cynicism to those others who would rather loose sleep over it.
Always extend a helping hand to those who stretch theirs to meet or even too feeble to stretch their hands, the beauty and the possibilities will be revealed to you...
Many hands, friends and other lovers had entered since then, given gentle hellos and kisses and long gone. Some left a trace and the others vanished in the mist of time.
I sit here, in this night market, surrounded by pale girls with covered heads, flamboyant madams with flowing robes in large prints, obvious in their cheapness, older men looking older by the minute.
Some of them could use the help of a person specializing in Diabetes! Prosperity does bring Diabetes to the land!
The people look either bored, moronic or homosexual-something I observed in Malaysia as well, very little spirituality, despite veils and caps, this is the face of uniformity, that commonness people so very much long for, this penchant to be less than nothing.
Nasi Lemak, rice, a fish paste, a chicken drumstick lukewarm, ½ Euro. The Tahrek, strong tea with condensed milk, ½ euro. Taste is again common; this Sultan of Baracoa has eaten better in Baracoa.
This is closing of a circle for me. I knew lots of people here in Brunei once upon a time and now I know no one. Like Jamaica, Malmo, Galveston, St Louis, Brisbane... places that filled my heart with pleasures and kisses, now stand empty of them. Empty even of memories.
The rough landscape of the tropics, from memory, now lined up in prime obedient fashion, by some Princeton education landscape architect, possibly a Singaporean with linear tastes, taking away the natural beauty of the tropics, which once sowed life and breath into these humid airs.
This once was a hammock of my loves. To think that this air one carried the voices of my father, olav ha shalom, and my mother and my sister spent some of their happiest moments under this sky... in a village called Kuala Belair, surrounded by aunties and uncles, many of them dead and dispersed.
One can only look forward, a good lesson learned in Cuba and by reading the tales of that erstwhile neocolonial writer, who happens to write in the language that I adore, English, Sir VSNaipaul. My life has been a project, but who writes the script? On which stage is the theatre? But unlike the King unleashing in Shakespearean Macbeth about life being a metaphor for a play put on by idiots... this story has been a pleasant one, always with new and exciting possibilities, new doors opening. Like right now, my heart rests restlessly in Paris, my soul wanders like Orishas over the island of our dreams, and the love I feel for you, each and every one of my friends. As I write this, at this night market, possibly the only Jew in this entire sultanate, the only foreigner eating here, at this night market surrounded by curious eyes.
I shall say thanks to the spirits. First Shabbat in Merida, the second one in the Blue House, the third in Kuala Lumpur and the next one? Siem Reap? , I thank the spirits for having brought all of you into my life, preciously building it, stone by stone, kisses and hugs and affection that only Cubans can give... ah mi isla Rica….
I must hurry, there is a patient waiting for me in Siem Reap (brother Jim thought it could be Mitral Valve Prolaps), a Burmese curry is being prepared, my little ones in Baracoa are anxious for my return: Mari 1 and Mari 2, Chinita and Claudia, my dear Yanetsy dearer to me than a collection of clouds over the mountains of Baracoa, all of them enveloping with their kisses all the love they so give me, my Cuban hearts, without reservations and without questions.
Like Augusto Monterosso (Guatemala, Mexico and friend of Cuba) wrote in his famous one line poem
When I awoke, the Dinosaurs was still there
When I wake up from my sweet dreams and optimistic illusions in Paris, I will say to myself
When I awoke, all friends that I love and adore were still there.
About 20 000 km away from here in various destinations, including, not limited to,
As far away as Sao Paolo
As close as Malaya (colonial peninsular Malaya and Singapore)
Gracias amigos, Muito Obrigado.
Why have I come back here?
Brunei is a crucial link for me, for, at one time my cultural identity was tied to this geography
Brunei eased me from an Asian to an Australian Identity
Brunei made me realize, and it still does, that I am not an Asian, in the sense of Pensamiento (ways of thinking, my world view)
I never longed for Brunei, as I did for Cochin or Malacca, how can you long for something of a loss from which you grew?
I t was an oblivion rather than a loss.
I felt I had a desire to close two parts of my life: infancy when I was looked after by Auntie CC who now lives in solitude of sorts in Kuala Lumpur, who looked after me during those difficult days, and that distant period in Brunei which gave me an identity. I am not in touch with anyone who was part of my life before my life in Brunei, except of course my mother and my sister, and would like to be in touch with Auntie CC.
Now I will go to sleep, peacefully, thinking about Paris, Havana and Baracoa
I knew I will never lose Cuba, when my Cuban mother, Lucia, said to me: Son, outsiders come and fall in love with Cubans; you have fallen in love with Cuba!
Thus Australia and Cuba are the two special places in my life, my two homes of the Soul. (The home of the heart is Paris, of course). Miami helped me become a Cuban; Brunei helped me become an Australian
So dear dear friends, here I am, as transparent as you can see. I have an Australian Passport, a Cuban Soul, a Parisian Heart and an unending Jewish curiosity for things around me...
Te Quiero
Sudah Yehuda Kovesh S
Sultan of Baracoa in the land of Sultan Hossanul Bolkiah
Brunei had been mentioned as early as the 5th century of the Common Era. The indefatigable navigator Zheng He had travelled here and made the sultan of Brunei a vassal of china.
Postscript:
It is midnight, I am sitting at a Lounge at Kuala Lumpur Airport. A short 2 hour 20 minute flight brought me here from Brunei. I am waiting for my flight to Siem Reap in Cambodia.
My visit to Brunei was eventful. Three days. Visited Kuala Belait, of memories but there was nothing to be had. I could not recognize anything since nothing has remained. The house we stayed has been erased to make room for a helicopter pad, the hospital with its quaint verandas where my father worked, has been demolished and incorporated into a modern hospital in a town ten miles away, the school, the one storey school where I taught children slightly younger than myself during school holidays, now is a three story modern and garish building, the priests must be happy at their acquisition. More and more fiiipino and Indonesian faces on the streets, sweet tamouls from tanjore district. Found a place to have south Indian food, nice hotel to stay in kuala Belait. A very satisfying visit, connecting to a past. I shouldn’t have stayed away too long. A childhood friend has grown up and I was not there to see it. Now the place is different. There are other people, dvd stores and gone are the simple Chinese stores, now they are selling cellular phones and electronics, imported stuff, in this state supported consumerism.
I did not resent anything. Felt grateful for those days in Brunei living with father and mother and sister which were really enjoyable and a created social ambience with people we had very little in common with. We were all exiles at that time thrown together. Less expatriates of that sort nowadays, more and more young labourers, called foreigners, who come and go every two years, with no attachment to the land to the country or no time to contribute anything to the land or the language.
I also visited Seria, a nameless town with little character of its own except that it is where the oil fields are. Met a nice man Abdul Salam from Pondicherry, a man who admired Fidel and Hugo Chavez.. ah well..
Back in Brunei, a trip to the tropical vegetations of Temburong district, nearly one hour by a pleasant boat ride, through canals and rivers and at times as broad as the sea. Nypa palms, mangroves and occasional coconut palms. Herons plying, crocodiles might have been watching us but I was unaware of it.
Two lovely malay girls at Swiss Hotel in Kuala Belait, a nice manager there, a friendly Chinese receptionist at Terrace Hotel which was the old Ang’s hotel..
Every one was pleasant. No rudeness of the Singaporeans or the passive aggressiveness of the Malaysian Malays.. Just the neocolonialism without any responsibility..
From now on, I will think of Brunei in fonder terms than before. I feel connected to it once again.
It is not very often that you receive an email from NEGARA BRUNEI DARULSALAAM, the place of Peace, a small country situated in BORNEO, right on the Equator… ruled by Sultan Sir Hossanul Bolkiah, an absolute monarchy, in one of the oldest monarchies in the world. There are only two official sultanates in this world. (If you want a clue, I have been to the other sultanate, and my dear friends would like to include the Sultanate of Baracoa but it does not count for this purpose). There are other sultans with titles with no power, such as the Sultan of Ternate, Sultan of Johor etc but Sultan Sir Hossanul Bolkiah rules this small sliver of a country, possibly the most prosperous one in Asia, like the other sultan Qaboos, is blessed with oil deposits. All signs are in Arabic and English, even though neither are the official languages, Malay is, as Moslem is the official religion of this country. 90 per cent of the population is supposed to be Moslem, alas, the poor Chinese. This is a rich country, better stated, this is a country inhabited by rich people, and as long as you are a Moslem everything is free: houses, car, education, scholarships and free veils are thrown in I am sure, since all the girls and women are covered top to bottom.
The night has fallen. The Air Asia Airbus 320 took slightly over 2 hours to reach Brunei Airport from Kuala Lumpur, a short flight to cover this distance of time and memories.
What is this sultan of Baracoa doing in Brunei?
Can’t be the food.
Can’t be the scenery.
Certainly it can’t be the intellectual standards of the locals.
My heart feels a little heavy.
When I was a child, this is where my parents used to live, in a village called Kuala Belait, which I shall visit tomorrow.
A time of innocence, when each flower in bloom had an open message, a world without cynicism, long afternoons soaked with its humid air from the river that flew swiftly into the equatorial sea... The South China Sea
That period spent with my parents, incidentally the only period in my life that I spent time with both my parents, taught me a lesson.
Wherever in the world you go, do not lose that innocence
Leave cynicism to those others who would rather loose sleep over it.
Always extend a helping hand to those who stretch theirs to meet or even too feeble to stretch their hands, the beauty and the possibilities will be revealed to you...
Many hands, friends and other lovers had entered since then, given gentle hellos and kisses and long gone. Some left a trace and the others vanished in the mist of time.
I sit here, in this night market, surrounded by pale girls with covered heads, flamboyant madams with flowing robes in large prints, obvious in their cheapness, older men looking older by the minute.
Some of them could use the help of a person specializing in Diabetes! Prosperity does bring Diabetes to the land!
The people look either bored, moronic or homosexual-something I observed in Malaysia as well, very little spirituality, despite veils and caps, this is the face of uniformity, that commonness people so very much long for, this penchant to be less than nothing.
Nasi Lemak, rice, a fish paste, a chicken drumstick lukewarm, ½ Euro. The Tahrek, strong tea with condensed milk, ½ euro. Taste is again common; this Sultan of Baracoa has eaten better in Baracoa.
This is closing of a circle for me. I knew lots of people here in Brunei once upon a time and now I know no one. Like Jamaica, Malmo, Galveston, St Louis, Brisbane... places that filled my heart with pleasures and kisses, now stand empty of them. Empty even of memories.
The rough landscape of the tropics, from memory, now lined up in prime obedient fashion, by some Princeton education landscape architect, possibly a Singaporean with linear tastes, taking away the natural beauty of the tropics, which once sowed life and breath into these humid airs.
This once was a hammock of my loves. To think that this air one carried the voices of my father, olav ha shalom, and my mother and my sister spent some of their happiest moments under this sky... in a village called Kuala Belair, surrounded by aunties and uncles, many of them dead and dispersed.
One can only look forward, a good lesson learned in Cuba and by reading the tales of that erstwhile neocolonial writer, who happens to write in the language that I adore, English, Sir VSNaipaul. My life has been a project, but who writes the script? On which stage is the theatre? But unlike the King unleashing in Shakespearean Macbeth about life being a metaphor for a play put on by idiots... this story has been a pleasant one, always with new and exciting possibilities, new doors opening. Like right now, my heart rests restlessly in Paris, my soul wanders like Orishas over the island of our dreams, and the love I feel for you, each and every one of my friends. As I write this, at this night market, possibly the only Jew in this entire sultanate, the only foreigner eating here, at this night market surrounded by curious eyes.
I shall say thanks to the spirits. First Shabbat in Merida, the second one in the Blue House, the third in Kuala Lumpur and the next one? Siem Reap? , I thank the spirits for having brought all of you into my life, preciously building it, stone by stone, kisses and hugs and affection that only Cubans can give... ah mi isla Rica….
I must hurry, there is a patient waiting for me in Siem Reap (brother Jim thought it could be Mitral Valve Prolaps), a Burmese curry is being prepared, my little ones in Baracoa are anxious for my return: Mari 1 and Mari 2, Chinita and Claudia, my dear Yanetsy dearer to me than a collection of clouds over the mountains of Baracoa, all of them enveloping with their kisses all the love they so give me, my Cuban hearts, without reservations and without questions.
Like Augusto Monterosso (Guatemala, Mexico and friend of Cuba) wrote in his famous one line poem
When I awoke, the Dinosaurs was still there
When I wake up from my sweet dreams and optimistic illusions in Paris, I will say to myself
When I awoke, all friends that I love and adore were still there.
About 20 000 km away from here in various destinations, including, not limited to,
As far away as Sao Paolo
As close as Malaya (colonial peninsular Malaya and Singapore)
Gracias amigos, Muito Obrigado.
Why have I come back here?
Brunei is a crucial link for me, for, at one time my cultural identity was tied to this geography
Brunei eased me from an Asian to an Australian Identity
Brunei made me realize, and it still does, that I am not an Asian, in the sense of Pensamiento (ways of thinking, my world view)
I never longed for Brunei, as I did for Cochin or Malacca, how can you long for something of a loss from which you grew?
I t was an oblivion rather than a loss.
I felt I had a desire to close two parts of my life: infancy when I was looked after by Auntie CC who now lives in solitude of sorts in Kuala Lumpur, who looked after me during those difficult days, and that distant period in Brunei which gave me an identity. I am not in touch with anyone who was part of my life before my life in Brunei, except of course my mother and my sister, and would like to be in touch with Auntie CC.
Now I will go to sleep, peacefully, thinking about Paris, Havana and Baracoa
I knew I will never lose Cuba, when my Cuban mother, Lucia, said to me: Son, outsiders come and fall in love with Cubans; you have fallen in love with Cuba!
Thus Australia and Cuba are the two special places in my life, my two homes of the Soul. (The home of the heart is Paris, of course). Miami helped me become a Cuban; Brunei helped me become an Australian
So dear dear friends, here I am, as transparent as you can see. I have an Australian Passport, a Cuban Soul, a Parisian Heart and an unending Jewish curiosity for things around me...
Te Quiero
Sudah Yehuda Kovesh S
Sultan of Baracoa in the land of Sultan Hossanul Bolkiah
Brunei had been mentioned as early as the 5th century of the Common Era. The indefatigable navigator Zheng He had travelled here and made the sultan of Brunei a vassal of china.
Postscript:
It is midnight, I am sitting at a Lounge at Kuala Lumpur Airport. A short 2 hour 20 minute flight brought me here from Brunei. I am waiting for my flight to Siem Reap in Cambodia.
My visit to Brunei was eventful. Three days. Visited Kuala Belait, of memories but there was nothing to be had. I could not recognize anything since nothing has remained. The house we stayed has been erased to make room for a helicopter pad, the hospital with its quaint verandas where my father worked, has been demolished and incorporated into a modern hospital in a town ten miles away, the school, the one storey school where I taught children slightly younger than myself during school holidays, now is a three story modern and garish building, the priests must be happy at their acquisition. More and more fiiipino and Indonesian faces on the streets, sweet tamouls from tanjore district. Found a place to have south Indian food, nice hotel to stay in kuala Belait. A very satisfying visit, connecting to a past. I shouldn’t have stayed away too long. A childhood friend has grown up and I was not there to see it. Now the place is different. There are other people, dvd stores and gone are the simple Chinese stores, now they are selling cellular phones and electronics, imported stuff, in this state supported consumerism.
I did not resent anything. Felt grateful for those days in Brunei living with father and mother and sister which were really enjoyable and a created social ambience with people we had very little in common with. We were all exiles at that time thrown together. Less expatriates of that sort nowadays, more and more young labourers, called foreigners, who come and go every two years, with no attachment to the land to the country or no time to contribute anything to the land or the language.
I also visited Seria, a nameless town with little character of its own except that it is where the oil fields are. Met a nice man Abdul Salam from Pondicherry, a man who admired Fidel and Hugo Chavez.. ah well..
Back in Brunei, a trip to the tropical vegetations of Temburong district, nearly one hour by a pleasant boat ride, through canals and rivers and at times as broad as the sea. Nypa palms, mangroves and occasional coconut palms. Herons plying, crocodiles might have been watching us but I was unaware of it.
Two lovely malay girls at Swiss Hotel in Kuala Belait, a nice manager there, a friendly Chinese receptionist at Terrace Hotel which was the old Ang’s hotel..
Every one was pleasant. No rudeness of the Singaporeans or the passive aggressiveness of the Malaysian Malays.. Just the neocolonialism without any responsibility..
From now on, I will think of Brunei in fonder terms than before. I feel connected to it once again.
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